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COPYRIGHT DEPOSIT 



Interrogatory Surgery 



Students oe Veterinary 

Science 



BY R. C. MOORE, D. V. S. 

Professok Oir Surqery .vnd Ax atomy 

Kansas City Veterinary College 



PUBLISHED BY TBE AUTHOR 



Kansas City. Mo.. 1904 



mpsiawv -.' '♦.0M6RESS 
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OCi 1? 1904 
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* COPY 8 I 










INTRODUCTION. 

SINCE the time of Socrates the question method has 
been recognized as valuable in teaching, the pupil 
being more likely to grasp the thought of the text if direct 
questions covering the principal points in the lesson are 
before him. The questions are valuable in review and 
provoke members of the class to quiz one another. This 
thought and the author's personal experience has induced 
him to compile these questions on regional surgery. 
Holler's Regional Surgery, being the adopted text at the 
Kansas City Veterinary College, has been used largely for 
the subject matter of the questions. The figures to the 
right of the heading of each topic indicate the pages at 
which that topic is discussed. 

The excellent works of Liautard, W. Williams and 
W. L. Williams have also furnished much valuable infor- 
mation. The writer is also indebted to Professors Strange- 
way, Chaveau, and McFadyean for valuable discussions on 

anatomy. 

The assistance of kind friends in the arrangement of 
the work has renewed obligations that will not soon be 
forgotton. 

If this little work proves to be useful to the student in 
becoming proficient in this branch of Veterinary Science 
the author will feel well repaid for the time spent in com- 
piling it. 

R. C. Moore, D. V. S. 

Kansas City Veterinary College. 
Kansas City, Mo., 1904. 



y, Tirus 

PRIiNTING 

C-.0, 

(^ KANSAS aTYMOJ! 



COPYRIGHTED 1904 

BV 

R. C. MOORE, D. V. S. 



REGIONAL SURGERY. 



Diseases of the Lips and Cheeks.— Page i 

1. How are such wounds usually made? 

2. Do the tissues of this region heal readily, if so, why? 

3. What conditions retard the healing of such wounds? 

4. Why do wounds of the commissures of the mouth cause the 

most trouble? 

5. What would be the probable result of an injury to Stenson's 

duct? 

6. How could a wound of this region cause facial emphysema? 

7. Is it possible, in wounds of this region, to get union by first 

intention? 

8. In what kind of wounds in this region can the interrupted 

suture be used to advantage? 

9. Under what conditions would either the quill or button su- 

ture be useful? 

10. How should the animal be fed where union by first inten- 

tion is expected? 

11. Where could the purse-string suture be used to advantage? 

Acute Inf Ia.n\mation of the L.ips and Cheeks. — Page 3 

• I. What are the chemical causes for such inflammation? 

2. What animals are subject to spontaneous gangrene of the 

cheeks? 

3. What does pus formation around the edges of a gangrenous 

wound indicate? 

4. What is the prognosis of such wounds? 

5. What are the causes of such gangrenous wounds? 

6. What is the treatment? 

Tumors of the Lips aLnd Cheeks. — Page 4 

1. What animals are liable to be affected with warts in these 

regions? 

2. What tissues do they involve? 

3. How should they be treated? 

4. What is the cause of cystic tumors in this region? 

5. Under what circumstances do they become troublesome? 

6. What is the treatment? 

7. What is atheroma of the false nostril? 

8. How should it be treated? 

9. What forms of malignant tumors are found in this region? 



12 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

Fa-cia-l Paralysis. — Page 6. 

1. What is the origin of the facial nerve? 

2. What two nerves are given off bj' it in the Fallopian canal? 

3. What part of the body receives inervation from branches 

given off at the stylomastoid foramen? 

4. What parts of the body are motorized by this, nerve, after 

the above branches are given off? 

5. What organs would be paralyzed, if this nerve were injured 

on a level with the anterior end of the maxillary spine? 
G. What muscles would be paralyzed if the lesions were cen- 
tral? 

7. What are the symptoms of facial paralysis? 

8. What branch of the facial nerve is injured, when sensation 

of the skin over the facial regions is lost? 

9. What is the difference in the symptoms of uni-facial and 

l)i-facial paralysis? 

10. What is the difference in prognosis of central and pariferal 

paralysis? 

11. How should each be treated? 

Foreign Bodies in the Mouth. — Page lo. 

1. What animals are most susceptible? 

2. What foreign bodies are liable to ])e sp lodged? 
:;. What are the symptoms? 

4. How examine for such bodies? 

5. What vessels might be injured by them? 
(i. How should they be treated? 

7. What effect would such lesions have on the general system? 

8. How can excessive hemorrhage from the soft palate be con- 

trolled? 

9. Do wounds of the mouth heal readily? 

10. How might rings or bands accidentally invest the tongue? 
n. What would be the probable effects? 

Disea^ses of the Tongue. — Page 13. 

1. How may the tongue of the horse be accidentally injured? 

2. How may the frenum lingui be torn? 

.']. How much of the tongue may be removed without perma- 
nent injury? 

4. What animals suffer most from the loss of the end of 

tongue? 

5. What treatment is advisable in deep lacerations of the 

tongue? 



14 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

Actinomycosis of the Tongvie. — Page 17 



1 
2 

o 

4 
5 
G 

7 

8 

9 

10 



What animals are subject to this disease? 

What are its symptoms? 

What is the treatment for a case in the early stages? 

What is paralysis of the tongue? 

What nerve is involved? 

What is raniila? 

What treatment is prescribed for it? 

How can fracture of the hyoids be detected? 

How should a simple fracture of these bones be treated? 

What new growths may be found in the tongue? 

Fratcture of the Premaxillarv. — Page 22 

1. How may such fractures be produced? 

2. What are the symptoms? 

3. How should such fractures be treated? 

Injuries to the Interdental Space. — Page 23 

1. How may such injuries be inflicted? 

2. What tissues may be involved? 

3. What are the symptoms? 

4. What treatment would be indicated in necrosis of the bone? 

Diseases of the Teeth, — Page 25 

1. In what animals are the molars of first importance? 

2. What are the symptoms of defective teeth? 

3. How could a diagnosis be confirmed? 

4. What four irregular and diseased conditions does Moller 

mention? 

Irregularities of Teeth. — Page 26 

1. What are supernumerary teeth? 

2. What is polyodontia? 

3. What is hyperdentition? 

4. Where are supernumerary teeth most often situated? 

5. What is the cause? 

6. How should they be treated? 

7. What is the cause of irregularities in the replacement of 

teeth? 



i6 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

8. What is the effect upon the mouth? 

9. On which side of the milk tootli does the permanent one 

appear, when the former has not heen shed? 

10. What are the symptoms of difficult eruption? 

11. What treatment would he advisable? 

12. What is understood by caps? 

i:]. What would be the effect if the crowns of a molar milk 
tooth remained in position too long-, during the eruption 
of a permanent one? 

14. What is rotation of a tooth on its axis? 

15. What irregularities of jaw produce overshot? 
IG. What irregularities of jaw produce undershot? 

17. What is the cause of these conditions? 

18. What irregularities of articulation does this cause in the 

incisors? 

19. What in molars? 

20. How do these conditions affect the usefulness of a horse? 

21. What would be the effect of deviation of the axis of a tooth 

backward or forward? 

Irregula.rities of Wear. —Page 2g. 

1. How do the molar teeth normally articulate? 

2. What is the normal annual wear of the molars of herbivora? 

3. What conditions may cause irregular wear? 

4. What are the different pathological forms of .mouth caused 

by irregular wear? 

5. What is the angular or sharp mouth, or prognathous jaw? 
G. What is the cause? 

7. Which side of the lower teeth becomes too long? 

8. Which of the upper? 

9. What would be the result of no wear to a tooth? 

10. How may sharp edges injure the animal? 

11. How may they interfere with driving? 

12. At what age are these conditions liable to appear? 

13. How may faulty muscular action produce sharp edges? 

14. How are such conditions diagnosed? 

15. How should they be treated? 

16. What is a shear-like mouth? 

17. What effect does this condition have on the lateral motion 

of the jaw? 

18. What is the prognosis? 



i8 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

19. What is the treatment? 

20. What is the wave-formed mouth? 

21. What is the cause? 

22. What is the step-form.ed mouth? 

23. What is an elongated tooth? 

24. What conditions allow it to become elongated? 

25. How should it be treated? 

26. What is premature wear? 

27. What are the causes? 

28. What pathological condition causes a smooth mouth? 

29. What is the cause? 

30. What is the effect on mastication? 

31. What is the treatment? 

Diseases of the Tooth Proper. — Page 38 

1. What is caries? 

2. Vv^hat part of the tooth does it attack? 

3. Is it of frequent occurrence in the lower animals? 

4. What is the cause? 

5. What is the treatment? 

6. What is a fissured tooth? 

7. What is the cause? 

8. W^hich tooth is most liable to suffer? 

9. What may be the result of food working into a fissure? 

10. How should a fissured tooth be treated? 

11. What is dental tartar? 

12. W^hat ill effect does it have on the teeth and gums? 

13. What animals are most subject to it? 

14. What is the treatment? 

15. What is necrosis of a tooth? 

16. What may cause it? 

Diseases of the Alveoli. — Page 42 

1. How do these compare in frequency with other d.'seases of 

the teeth? 

2. How are the roots of the teeth fixed in the alveoli? 

3. How many forms of alveolar periostitis are seen in her- 

bivora? 

4. What are they? - 

5. What is the ossific form? 



20 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

6. What effect would it have on extraction? 

7. What is the effect of the purulent form on the tissue? 

8. How does this cause erosion of the surface of the tooth? 

9. What is bone necrosis? 

10. \Yhat is osteo-myelitis? 

11. How may the purulent form cause necrosis? 

12. Does the entire membrane necessarily become involved? 

13. Are the two forms ever associated? 

14. What are the causes? 

15. What is the appearance of a tooth where the purulent form 

is complete? 

16. How does it produce fistula of the jaw? 

17. In fistula of the fourth upper molar, what would it com- 

municate with? 

18. What if it be of the fifth upper? 

19. What if it be of an upper pre-molar? 

20. What if it be of a lower pre-molar? 

21. What are the characteristic symptoms of alveolar peri- 

ostitis? 

22. What is the cause of the offensive odor? 

23. Are dogs' teeth liable to be loose under such circumstances? 

24. How is the affected tooth changed in appearance? 

25. In what animals are epileptiform conditions said to accom- 

pany diseased teeth? 

26. How may artificial and reflected light be used in examining 

the mouths of herbivora? 

27. In case of external fistula, how determine which tooth is 

involved? 



R.emoving Teeth.— Page 46 

1. Does the age of the animal make any difference in extrac- 

tion of teeth? 

2. What kind of lever would be necessary to extract the first 

pre-molar of a horse? 

3. How should the forceps be placed upon a molar tooth? 

4. What is the first motion in extracting a molar tooth? 

5. Is a mouth speculum necessary? 

6. What would a liberal hemorrhage from around the tooth 

indicate? 

7. How should a fulcrum be adjusted? 



22 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

8. What should be done when the tooth is far enough removed 

from the alveolus to strike the opposing one? 

9. When should trephining be resorted to? 

10. Of what importance is the selection of the exact place for 

trephining? 

11. How may such place be located? 

12. What sized punch should be used to remove a molar tooth? 

13. How determine when the blows on the punch are taking 

effect on the tooth? 

14. How proceed if the trephine hole is not exactly over the 

fang of the tooth? 

15. Is it important to remove all the tooth? 

16. What molars may thus be removed? 

17. Is there any danger of the animal swallowing the tooth? 

18. How should the patient be secured? 

19. What nerves may be injured in trephining to remove an 

upper molar tooth? 

20. How may food be prevented from entering the maxillary 

sinus alter trephining for the upper molars? 

21. In extracting, is it important that the direction of the trac- 

tion correspond to the long axis of the tooth? 

Alveolar Periostitis ii\ Dogs. — Page 53 

1. What class of dogs is most often affected? 

2. Is there usually more than one tooth affected? 

3. Are the incisors ever involved? 

4. What effect does this condition have on the gums? 

5. What is the character of the odor? 

G. What conditions of dogs' teeth sometimes cause symptoms 
similar to those of rabies? 

7. How does tartar produce alveolar periostitis? 

8. How can it be prevented? 

9. What should be the procedure in extracting dogs' teeth? 

DentSLl Fistvila.. — Page 54 

1. What is a dental fistula? 

2. What is osteomyelitis purulenta? 

3. In abscesses of the upper m.olars in dogs where do they 

usually open? 



24 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

4. For what might such fistulous tract be mistaken? 

5. How is dental fistula differentiated from bone fistula? 

6. How should the former be treated? 

7. What is periostitis alveolaris ossificans? 

8. What effect may it have on the removal of a tooth? 

9. How should it be treated? 

Neopla-sms of tKe Gums and Alveoli.— Page 57 

1. What is an epulis? 

2. What varieties are noted? 

3. What is the prognosis? 

4. What would be the treatment? 

Disea^ses of the Nose and Nostrils. — Page 59 

1. How may wounds to the alae occur? 

2. How should they be treated? 

3. What would be the result if the cartilage is involved? 

4. How may the nasal bones be fractured? 

5. How may such fractures cause permanent defects? 

6. How should they be treated? 

7. Under what circumstances would it be necessary to trephine 

in such cases? 

Foreign Bodies and Tumors in the Nostrils. — Page 61 

1. How may foreign bodies obtain entrance to the nose of 

herbivora? 

2. What form of new growth is most common? 

3. What is a fibroma? 

4. What is a myxoma? 

5. From what parts of the nostrils do tumors usually grow? 

G. Do they ever extend from the brain and maxillary sinuses 
into the nose? 

7. In what form has strongylus armatus been found here? 

8. What fungi have been found in the nostrils? 

9. Are the discharges from such growths bi-lateral or uni- 

lateral? 

10. If the right side was affected, what would be the effect of 

closing the left nostril? 

11. What might be determined by the use of a sound? 



26 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

12. Is a roaring sound ever present? 

13. If so, what is the sound called? 

14. How may tumors cause an overflow of tears? 

15. Do they ever produce bulging of the facial bones? 

16. Do such growths in the sinuses ever protrude into the 

mouth? 

17. Do they ever protrude from the anterior naries? 

18. What are the symptoms of tumors in dogs and cats? 

19. What parasites in dogs' noses produce attacks resembling 

rabies? 

20. What classes of such new growths are amenable to treat- 

ment? 

21. How may polypi be removed? 

22. Is trephining ever resorted to in their removal? 

23. What would be the prognosis if the turbinated bones were 

diseased? 

24. How might excessive hemorrhage accompanying such 

operations be controlled? 

25. Is tracheotomy ever necessary in this operation? 

2G. Does inflammation from these growths, or following opera- 
tions, ever extend to the brain? 

Edema of the Heacd. — Page 64 

1. What are the causes of extensive edema of the head? 

2. What treatment would be required? 

Diseases of the Fascial Siiwises. — Page 64I 

1. How many of these sinuses in the horse? 

2. How many divisions of the maxillary? 

3. What divides it into anterior and posterior chambers? 

4. What divides it into internal and external chambers? 

5. What bounds the frontal sinus antero-inferiorly? 

6. What bounds the anterior chamber of the maxillary sinus 

internally? 

7. What four abnormal conditions are said to prevail in these 

cavities? 

8. What disease of the teeth might affect these sinuses? 

9. How may foreign bodies gain access to these sinuses? 

lU. What larvae are sometimes found in the facial sinuses of 
horses? 



28 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

n. What parasites are found here in sheep? 

12. What is the character of the discharge in catarrhal accumu- 

lations of these sinuses? 

13. How would the discharge from a catarrhal accumulation 

differ from that resulting from purulent alveolar peri- 
ostitis? 

14. Do these conditions ever cause enlargement of the submaxil- 

lary glands? 

15. What might be determined by percussing over the sinuses? 

16. Do diseases of the teeth ever cause bulging of the facial 

bones? 

17. Do they ever cause brain lesions in cattle? 

18. What are the terminations? 

19. Is recovery ever spontaneous? 

20. How should such cases be treated? 

21. How should a case of nasal catarrh without accumulations 

in the sinuses be treated? 

22. How could the internal chamber of the anterior division of 

the maxillary sinus be drained? 

23. How long should the trephine hole be kept open? 

24. How should the parts be dressed, and how often should the 

dressing be repeated? 

Trephining the Maxillary and Frontal Sinuses. — Page 67 

1. For what purposes is this operation performed? 

2. What is a trephine? 

3. What are elevators and for what are they used in this con- 

nection? 

4. What is a bone gouge, and when would it be useful in this 

connection? 

5. W^hat is a lenticular knife, and what is its use? 

G. Where should the opening be made to empty the frontal 
sinuses? 

7. How should the operative field be prepared? 

8. Where should the opening be made to open both anterior 

and posterior divisions of the maxillary sinus? 

9. How should the age of the animal modify the location? 

10. How should the animal be secured? 

11. What vessels might be injured in trephining the maxillary 

sinus? 



30 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

12. How can too rapid closing of the trephine hole be prevented? 

13. How should the contents of the sinus be removed? 

Diseacse of the TurbinaLted Bones. — Page 72 

1. Do these bones ever become thickened? 

2. If so, what effect would it have on the respiration? 

3. Why is it difficult to heal the remaining parts of a turbi- 

nated bone after removal of a part? 

4. What are the sj^mptoms of necrosis of these bones? 

5. How should such cases be treated? 

6. How should one proceed to remove a turbinated bone? 

EpistdLxis, (Bleeding at the Nose.) — Page 75 

1. What animal is most often affected? 

2. What are the causes? 

3. How may it be controlled? 

Disea^se from the Sa.livary Glo^nds.— Page 76 

1. What is the chief danger in wounds of the salivary glands 

or their ducts? 

2. In what animals is Stenson's duct most exposed? 

3. How may wounds of these structures be determined? 

4. Do such wounds ever heal spontaneously? 

5. Is healing of such wounds by first intention desirable?- 

6. How should they be treated? 

7. Is it advisable to withhold feed and water? 

8. How would small doses of atrophine affect such a case? 

9. What is parotitis? 

10. Is it ever endemic? 

11. During the course of what disease is it liable to occur? 

12. What part of the structure is primarily affected? 

13. What is the appearance of the structure at this period? 

14. What is the result of its spreading to the connective tissue? 

15. Where does pus formation take place? 

16. How do the larger abscesses form? 

17. How does this produce necrosis of the gland tissue? 

18. What is the appearance of such abscesses when they open 

spontaneously? 



^2 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

19. In what other structures does abscess in the region of the 

parotid gland form? 

20. What would be the difference in the appearance of an 

abscess of a lymph and of a salivary gland after open- 
ing? 

21. What are the symptoms? 

22. In what position is the head held? 

23. Do abscesses ever interfere with breathing and deglutition? 

24. How could they cause facial paralysis? 

25. How long will it take such abscesses to heal after being 

opened? 
20. Do they ever terminate in septicemia or pyemia? 

27. How could parotitis be distinguished from distention of the 

guttural pouch? 

28. How distinguished from tumors? 

21). If an abscess forms in Wharton's duct where would it open? 

30. What does Stockfelt say of inflammation of the submaxil- 

lary gland in cows? 

31. How can foreign bodies enter these glands? 

32. How remove foreign bodies from the ducts of these glands? 

33. Is heat or cold most beneficial in treating parotitis? 

34. What symptoms indicate that the abscess is ready to open? 

Abscesses of the SabpaLrotid Lymph Glands. — Page 8j 

1. What causes these abscesses in horses? 

2. What causes them in cattle and dogs? 

3. What causes them in swine? 

4. What are the symptoms? 

5. Is respiration ever interfered with? 

6. What other lesions may develop as a result of the difficult 

deglutition? 

7. What complication would be indicated by food escaping 

externally with the pus? 

8. How should such abscesses be opened? 

9. What should be the after treatment? 

Sa^livary Calculi, — Page 8i 

1. Where do these formations occur? 

2. In w^hat animals are they most frequent? 

3. What are the causes? 



34 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

4. What are the symptoms? 

5. How should they be treated? 

6. Why is it best to remove them through ^he buccal mem- 

brane? 

Saliva-ry Fistvila^.— Page 82 

1. What is the cause? 

2. Why is it difficult to heal? 

3. What is the clinical difference between a fistula of ihe 

duct and of the gland? 

4. How should each be treated? 

5. What is a draw-purse suture? 

6. How should an artificial opening into the mouth be made? 

7. Under what circumstances might it be necessary to destroy 

the function of the gland? 

8. What is the procedure in ligating Stenson's duct? 

9. What pathological lesions follow its ligation? 

10. What was the effect of injecting six drachms of ethyl 

alcohol? 

11. Does distention of the duct ever occur? 

12. What other methods might be used to destroy the gland? 

13. What would be the effect of an abscess formation after 

injection? 

14. How should these injections be made? 

Tumors of the Salivary Glands. — Page 86 

1. What form of new growths are found in these glands? 

2. What variety is usually found in gray horses? 

3. How are tumors of this region diagnosed? 

4. How should they be treated? 

5. Under what circumstances should extirpation of the gland 

be performed? 

6. What is the technique of the operation for its removal? 

Actinomycosis of the Parotideal Region. — Page 87 

1. In what animals is this disease most common? 

2. What is the cause? 

3. How is infection supposed to take place? 



36 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

4. Do these growths have their origin superficial or deep? 

5. What are the symptoms? 

6. What is the appearance of the wound after opening? 

7. What is the prognosis? 

8. How should it be treated? 

9. What is the technique of its removal? 
10. What remedy is useful internally? 

DisedLses of the Face and Lower JaLW. — Page go 

1. What bones of the face are m.ost liable to fractures? 

2. How should the following fractures be treated: 1st, Trans- 

verse of lower jaw through the interdental space; 2nd, 
Of the nasal bones; 3rd. Of the frontal; 4th, Of the 
lachrymal and malar bones; 5th, Of the premaxilla; 6th. 
Of the condyle of the lower jaw? 

DislocaLtion of the Lower Jak.w. — Page 97 

1. What animals are most subject to this injury? 

2. Why not others? 

3. How may it affect the eyeball? 

4. What are the symptoms? 

5. What disease may it be mistaken for? 

6. How should it be treated? 

7. Is it of frequent recurrence? 

InflamnrvaLtion of the Articulation of the Jaw. — Page 98 

1. What are the causes? 

2. What are the symptoms? 

3. How does it affect the general constitution? 

4. How may it affect the teeth? 

5. Is this articulation liable to be opened? 

6. What is the treatment for each of these conditions? 

Para-lysis of Muscles of Mastication. — Page 99 

1. In what animals is it most liable to occur? 

2. In what disease is it often seen? 

3. How should such cases be treated? 



38 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

4. What nerve supplies the masseter and temporal muscles? 
Actinomycosis of the MaLXillaLO.— Page 103 

1. In what animals does it occur? 

2. What disease has it been mistaken for, in many instances? 

3. What form of ostitis does it produce? 

4. What are the symptoms? 

5. How may it be differentiated from dental fistula? 
G. What form of alveolar periostitis does it produce? 

7. What is the prognosis? 

8. How are the germs supposed to enter the bones? 

Inflammation and new Growths in the SubmaLxillatry 
Lymph Glands. — Page 105 

1. What conditions cause swelling of these glands? 

2. What disease is lymphadenitis liable to accompany? 

3. Do tumors ever form here primarily? 

4. What is the appearance of these glands during the presence 

of the following diseases: 1st, Glanders; 2nd, Empy- 
emia of the sinuses; 3rd, Actinomycosis and bothry- 
omyces; 4th. Strangles; 5th, Influenza? 

5. How should they be treated if involved in a new growth? 
0. How in cases of abscess formation? 

7. How should a new growth be resected? 

8. What vessels and nerves are liable to be injured in remov- 

ing them? 
'J. W^hat should be the procedure if the sublingual gland be 
involved? 

Diseases of the Ear and Guttural Pouch. — Page 107 

J. In what ways may the external ears of dogs be injured? 

2. How are horses' ears liable to be injured? 

3. How may the shaking of the dog's head interfere with 

healing? 

4. How should a split ear of a horse or mule be treated? 

5. How are pigs' ears often injured? 
G. What is edema of the external ear? 

7. In what animals is this liable to occur? 



40 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

8. What are the causes? 

9. What are the symptoms? 

10. How should they be treated? 

11. How may wounds of dogs' ears be protected from injury by 

shaking of the head? 

Otorrhea (Otitis Externa.) — Page no 

1. What is otitis externa? 

2. What kind of glands is the lining membrane of the external 

portion of the ear supplied with? 

3. Under what circumstances may the wax become irritating? 

4. Is the disease ever parasitic? 

5. In what animal is the acute form seen? 
G. What is the cause? 

7. What two varieties of the chronic form are mentioned by 

Moller? 

8. In what animal is the superficial seen? 
y. What is the cause of this form? 

10. What is the character of the discharge? 

11. What are the symptoms of the deep form? 

12. Do granulations ever close the opening? 

13. If the inflammation extends to the middle ear, what consti- 

tutional symptoms may be seen? 

14. Is this disease ever seen in the horse? 

15. What position should the dog be placed in to examine the 

ear? 

](). What is the prognosis of otitis externa? 

17. How should it be treated? 

18. What is otitis media? 

19. What is otitis interna? 

20. Can either of the last two forms be recognized during life? 

21. Are tumors ever found in the ears? 

22. What circumstances might cause paralysis of the ear? 

23. What are dentigerous cysts? 

24. In what localities are they usually found? 

25. How should they be treated? 



42 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

Cattarrh of the Guttural Pouch. — Page 114 

1. Where are these pouches located? 

2. Are diseases of these cavities chronic or acute? 

3. When diseased, are the contents solid or liquid? 

4. Have tumors ever been found in the guttural pouch? 

5. What is the character of the discharge? 
G. When is the discharge most noticeable? 

7. Does it necessarily cause external swelling? 

8. How may it interfere with deglutition and respiration? 

9. How is it that filling the pouches with fluids causes 

dyspnea while filling them with solids does not? 

10. How may the diagnosis be confirmed? 

11. What is Gunther's catheter? 

12. What is its principal use? 

13. What is the prognosis in disease of these cavities? 

14. What is hyovertobrotomy? 

15. How is it performed? 

IG. What is Viborg's triangle? 

17. What diseases are easily mistaken for accumulation^ m 

guttural pouches? 

IS. What is staphylotomy? 

19. What is its object? 

20. What is its relation to the opening of the guttural pouches? 

21. What is tympanitis of the guttural pouch? 

22. In animals of what age is it usually seen? 

23. How is it treated? 

Disea-ses of the Skull. — Page 123 

1. What is the common cause of fracture of the cranial bones? 

2. What bones of the skull are most liable to fracture? 

3. What are the constitutional symptoms? 

4. Do such symptoms always appear at the time of fracture? 

5. Is direct injury to the brain necessarily fatal? 

G. What is the cause of death when such wounds become 
infected? 

7. What is the prognosis if only the external plate of such 

bones is injured? 

8. Why should the prognosis in all such injuries be guarded? 

9. How should simple fractures of these bones be treated? 



44 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

10. How should compound fractures of these bones be treated? 

11. What should the internal treatment be? 

Concussion of the Brain. (Commotio Cerebri.) — Page 126 

1. What are the causes? 

2. What are the symptoms? 

3. What are the clinical indications, if during such an attack 

the pulse becomes frequent and wiry and mucous mem- 
brane injected? 

4. How may fractures of the horn-core be detected? 

5. How should such cases be treated? 

G. How long may these conditions continue? 

Fratcture of the Frontal Bones. — Page 126 

1. How does the frontal bone of the ox differ from that of the 

horse? 

2. What is the clinical difference between fractures of the 

frontal bones and those of the cranial region? 

3. How should such fractures be treated? 

4. How may fractures of the horn-core be detected? 

5. How should they be treated? 

6. What is loosening of the horns? 

7. What is the prognosis? 

8. How should wounds of the soft tissues of the head be 

treated? 

Operations on the Cranial Cavity. In Sheep dLnd Oxen 
for Pa.raLsitic Diseases. — Page 131 

1. What tapeworm larva is found in the brain of sheep? 

2. Is it ever found in the brain of other animals? 

3. How large do the cysts become? 

4. What is the common name for the disease? 

5. At what age does it usually appear? 

6. What are the symptoms? 

7. Is treatment other than surgical of any avail? 

8. What instruments are necessary for a successful operation? 

9. W^here is the cysticercus usually located? 
10. What may be learned by percussion? 



46 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

• 

11. What by palpation? 

12. If these symptoms are wanting, how may the cysticercus 

be located? 

13. Are the abnormal movements of the animal reliable symp- 

toms for its location? 

14. In the absence of positive knowledge of its location, wl\ere 

should the opening be made? 

15. What harm might be done by trephining rearer than 3-l(! of 

an inch to the middle line? 
IG. Is it necessary to open over the center of the cyst? 

17. What antiseptic precautions should be taken? 

18. What after treatment should be applied? 

19. What is Holler's favorite method? 

20. Are these operations usually successful? 

Diseases of tha Neck. — Page 137 

1. What tissues of the neck are liable to become necrotic from 

wounds? 

2. How does necrosis of these tissues cause fistulous tracts? 

3. How may this be prevented? 

4. In wounds of the jugular, why is it necessary to ligate both 

ends of the vein? 

5. How may wounds of the jugular be distinguished from 

wounds of the carotid? 
G. If the carotid is injured, how should it be treated? 

7. In ligating the carotid, what nerve trunks are in danger of 

being included? 

8. Why is it necessary to ligate both ends of the carotid? 

9. Why cut the vessel in two after ligating? 

10. Under what circumstances may blood from the carotid flow 

in a steady stream? 

11. What would be the physiological effect of division of the 

vagus? 

12. What of dividing the recurrent? 

13. How should such wounds of the neck be treated? 

14. In what ways may w^ounds of the trachea be fatal? 

15. What three symptoms would indicate perforation of the 

trachea? 
IG. How should such perforations be treated? 



48 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

17. In what conditions of wounds of this region would tm- 

cheotomy be indicated? 

18. In what part of the neclv are wounds most liable to involve 

the esophagus? 

19. What symptoms would indicate its perforation? 

20. What kinds of wounds are liable to occur in the region of 

the base of the neck and breast? 

Fra.cture of the Cervica.1 Verlebrae— Page 140 

1. What parts of the bones of the neck are most liable to be 

fractured? 

2. What are the general causes? 

3. Do fractures of the vertebrae always cause unfavorable 

symptoms at the time they occur? 

4. What is the prognosis? 

5. How should such fractures be treated? 

Distortion of the Neck (Torticollis.) — Page 142 

1. Does rheumatism ever cause this condition in horse and dog? 

2. On which side of the curved neck would the affected muscle 

be located in rheumatism? 

3. On which side, if the disease was paralysis? 

4. What are the causes of paralysis in this region? 

5. Is luxation of the cervical vertebrae probable? 

6. What conditions might be mistaken for luxation? 

7. What kind of accidents may lead to this condition? 

8. How could these conditions cause edema of the head? 

9. How may fracture, subluxation, rheumatism and paralysis 

of this region be differentiated? 

10. What would be the prognosis if due to: 1st, Rheumatism; 

2nd Paralysis; 3rd, Dislocation; 4th. Fracture? 

11. What should be the treatment in each of the above condi- 

tions? 

Goitre or StrumaL. — Page 149 

1. What organs are involved? 

2. What animals are most susceptible? 

3. Does acute inflammation ever occur? 



50 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

4. During the course of what disease does temporary enlarge- 
ment of these glands occur? 

8. How could these conditions cause edema of the head? 

G. Upon what does real goitre (struma follicularis) depend? 

7. Does this condition necessarily affect all the gland? 

8. What tissue is involved in fibrous goitre? 

9. What vessels are involved and how affected in varicose 

goitre? 

10. What is cystic goitre? 

11. Is sarcoma of these glands ever noted? 

12. What per cent of old dogs is said to be affected with goitre? 

13. What is cretinism and what relation does it bear to goitre? 

14. Is goitre ever inherited? 

15. Is the normal gland always of the same relative size? 
If). What are the symptoms of goitre? 

17. Where may the enlarged gland be located in dogs? 

18. What is the prognosis? 

19. What is cachexia strumipriva? 

20. How can these symptoms be averted? 

21. How does the blood supply to these glands compare in 

quantity with that of the brain? 

22. How should goitre in general be treated? 

23. How should one proceed in the removal of the gland? 

24. What is the dose of thyroid extract? 



InflaLmmattion of the Bursas of the Ligamentum 
Nuchae. — Page 154 

1. Where is this bursa located? 

2. What kind of bursa is it? 

3. What muscle covers it on each side? 

4. W^hat relation does inflammation of this bursa have to 

poll-evil? 

5. What are the causes of inflammation of this bursa? 

6. What are the earlier symptoms? 

7. What is the first pathological change? 

8. What is the condition of the swelling in paribursitis? 

9. Can recovery occur at this stage? 

10. If infection takes place, what is the result? 

11. How are such infections liable to occur? 

12. What are corpora oryzoidea, and how are they formed? 



52 



INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 



13. If the inflammation becomes chronic, what course does the 

disease pursue? 

14. How does purulent exudate affect the ligament? 

15. Does necrosis of the vertebrae occur? 

16. What is the cause of stiff neck that sometimes follows? 

17. How should the bursitis be treated in the early stages? 

18. How if chronic inflammation has resulted? 

19. How if the exudate has become purulent? 

20. What is gained by dividing one branch of the ligamentum 

nuchae? 

21. Why is it best to liberate the pus early? 

22. If pus burrows down along the neck, what course should be 

pursued? 

23. What treatment will be indicated if necrosis of the bone is 

present? 

24. Of what advantage are long continued antiseptic irrigations? 

Jvjgular Phlebitis. — Page 157 

1. What are the causes? 

2. What would be the result of an infected blood clot beneath 

the skin? 

3. What would be the appearance of the wound, on removing 

the suture, if it had become infected? 

4. How may the extension of the disease to the lumen of the 

vein be determined? 

5. What does a round, hard ridge along the course of the 

vein indicate? 

6. What is the danger of manipulating such wounds? 

7. If an embolus were detached from the jugular, where 

would it be liable to lodge? 

8. What causes the final occlusion of the vein? 

9. How is circulation reestablished? 

10. What is the prognosis? 

11. How does obliteration of the vein affect the animal while 

grazing? 

12. Why is it not best to put a collar on the horse for twenty- 

four hours after phlebotomy? 

13. If on removing the suture, the wound is oozing but the vein 

is unobstructed, how should it be treated? 

14. What should be done in case of secondary hemorrhage from 

the vein? 



54 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

Foreign Bodies in the Pharynx and Esophagus. — Page 162 

1. In what animals is this most common? 

2. What kinds of foreign bodies are liable to be found there? 

3. What is the cause of their lodging? 

4. What parts of the tube are most liable to obstruction? 

5. What are the symptoms? 

6. Why do cattle bloat when choked? 

7. How should such bodies be removed from the pharynx? 

8. How should they be removed from the anterior end of the 

esophagus? 

9. How may pilocarpine be used in treating choke? 

10. How may chloroform be used in such cases? 

11. Is spontaneous recovery liable to take place? 

12. What dangers are to be encountered in passing the pro- 

bang? 

13. How should the tympanites accompanying choke of cattle 

be treated? 

14. How may the obstruction be reduced in size? 

15. Is their extraction by instruments advisable? 

£sophaLgotomy. — Page 166 

1. What is esophagotomy? 

2. For what purpose is it performed? 

3. Where is it performed? 

4. How is it performed? 

5. Should the wound be sutured? 

6. What is the after treatment? 

7. Of what should the diet consist after the operation? 

Foreign Bodies in the Pha.rynx a.nd Fsophagus of 
Carnivora.. — Page 170 



What are the symptoms of these obstructions? 
How should they be treated if in the pharynx? 
How should they be treated if in the esophagus? 
How may apomorphine be useful in this condition? 
Is treatment effective in the dog? 



56 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

Impaction of the Crop in Birds. — Page 170 

1. What is the crop? 

2. What are the causes of its impaction? 

3. What are the symptoms? 

4. Does it ever become chronic? 

5. In what way does it destroy life? 

6. How should it be treated? 

7. How should an operation for its removal be performed? 

8. What is the prognosis? 

DilatdLtion of the Esophagus —Page 173 

1. What is ectasia? 

2. What is diverticula of the esophagus? 

3. What are the causes of such dilatation? 

4. Where do such dilatations usually occur? 

5. What are the symptoms? 

6. Does rupture of the mucous coat ever occur? 

7. How should such dilatations be treated? 

8. Is operative procedure liable to be successful? 

9. What is the best advice to the owner under such circum- 

stances? 

Stenosis and Compression of the Esopha^gus. — Page 176 

1. What is stenosis? 

2. What is the cause? 

3. How may stenosis tend to produce dilatation above the 

point so affected? 

4. What conditions of the mucous membrane may lead to its 

contraction? 

5. How could stenosis be distinguished from choke? 

6. Can it be diagnosed positively during life? 

7. Why do bovines show tympanities during stenosis of the 

esophagus? 

Patralysis of the Pharynx a-nd Esophagus. — Page 176 

1. What nerve energizes the pharynx and upper two-thirds 

of the esophagus? 

2. What one supplies the lower third? 



58 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

3. What are the symptoms of paralysis of these organs? 

4. Can paralysis be positively distinguished from stenosir-;? 

5. Might such paralysis be unilateral? 

6. What treatment is indicated when they are paralyzed? 

7. What is the prognosis? 

8. How may they be fed under such circumstances? 

Tumors in the Pharynx ev-nd E^sophdLgus. — Page 178 

1. What form of tumors is most frequent in the pharynx of 

cattle? 

2. How may tumors in this region affect the larynx? 

3. What is the general effect of tumors in the esophagus? 

4. How can they be diagnosed? 

5. How may staphylotomy be of service here? 

6. How can they be removed through the larynx? 

Diseases of the La^rynx and Trachea^. — Page 182 

1. What is the rhino-laryngoscope? 

2. Is it of practical utility? 

3. Does the larynx ever suffer from external injuries? 

4. If chronic inflammation is present what is its probable ter- 

mination? 

5. What is perilaryngitis chronica fibrosa? 

6. What effect would this be liable to have on respiration? 

7. How may chronic inflammation be induced in laryngeal op- 

erations? 

8. How may the vocal cords be affected by chronic inflamma- 

tion? 

9. How would a change in them affect respiration? 

10. What are the symptoms of chronic laryngitis? 

11. How would you distinguish conditions of this kind from 

paralysis? 

12. Are the changes in the larynx visible externally? 

13. How could ossification of the larynx be prevented? 

14. What are the symptoms of chronic inflammation of the mu- 

cous membrane? 

15. How does whistling differ from roaring? 

16. What is aphonia? 

17. What is the cause? 



6o INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

18. What is the effect of new growths in the larynx? 

19. How do purulent and exudative chronic inflammation of 

the larynx differ in their results? 

20. What is the prognosis of each variety? 

21. How may such conditions be palliated? 

Nervous Diseases of the Larynx. — Page 187 

1. What is neurosis? 

2. What are spasms? 

3. What is hemiplegia? 

4. What is diplegia? 

5. What is apnoea? 

6. What is spasm of the larynx? 

7. What organs are involved? 

8. What are the causes? 

9. What is the prognosis? 

10. What is the treatment? 

11. When would tracheotomy be indicated? 

12. Is excitement injurious? 

13. How may chloral hydrate be used in this connection? 

14. What is myopathic paralysis? 

15. What is neuropathic paralysis? 

16. What is hemiplegia laryngis? 

17 What muscles act upon the vocal cords? 

18. What nerve energizes them? 

19. If the constrictors of the larynx are in a state of spasm, 

which act of respiration would be affected? 

20. If they were paralyzed, would the breathing be disturbed? 

21. If the crico-arytenoideus posticus was paralyzed, how would 

it affect the vocal cords, and which act of respiration 
would be disturbed? 

22. What organ could force the arytenoid toward the opening 

of the glottis? 

23. How could the inspired air do this? 

24. How can whistling be differentiated from roaring? 

25. How might nerve grafting remedy roaring? 



62 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

Fracture, Deformity and Stenosis of the 
Tra.chea. — Page 189 

1. What is fracture of the trachea? 

2. What are the symptoms? 

3. How could tracheotomy cause stenosis of the trachea? 

4. How could it be produced by pericarditis? 

5. In what ways may the tube be narrowed? 
G. What are the symptoms? 

7. How could fracture of the trachea cause emphysema of the 

neck? 

8. What is the prognosis of tracheal stenosis? 

9. Are these conditions ever congenital? 

10. What is meant by congenital? 

11. How can stenosis of the trachea be treated? 

12. When would a tampon canula be useful? 

13. How could tracheotomy be performed below the stenosis, 

and the tube dilated above the point of operation? 

Foreign Bodies, Tumors acnd Parasites in the 
Trachea. — Page 192 

1. V/hy do foreign bodies rarely gain access to the trachea? 

2. What conditions of the pharynx and larynx might allow 

foreign bodies to enter the trachea? 

3. Why is it particularly dangerous for foreign bodies to en- 

ter the trachea? 

4. How may foreign bodies enter the trachea during trache 

otomy? 

• 5. Are new growths ever found in the trachea? 
G. What varieties of worms infest it? 

7. What are the symptoms of the various foreign bodies in 

the trachea? 

8. How could their presence be distinguished from obstruc- 

tion of the larynx? 

9. How might abscesses on the wall of the trachea produce 

mechanical pneumonia? 

10. Is it possible for the feed to be forced into the trachea from 

the rumen after death? 

11. What prophylactic measures might prevent foreign bod- 

ies from entering the trachea? 



64 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

Tracheotomy. ^ — Page 194 

1. What is tracheotomy? 

2. What four reasons are given for performing it? 

3. What animals is it most often performed upon? 

4. What part of the trachea offers the most convenient point 

for operation? 

5. In what ways are incisions of the trachea made? 
G. What tube is most practical for temporary use? 

7. What one for permanent use? 

8. What may be used in the place of a tube in case of an 

emergency 

9. What is said of tracheotomy through the crico tracheal liga- 

ment? 

10. How is the use of the tube in this way said to affect roar- 

ing? 

11. In what way is the tampon canula useful? 

12. What unfavorable conditions are liable to follow trache- 

otomy? 

13; What are the causes of stenosis following it? 
14. How might it be relieved? 

Laryngotomy. Laryngo-Fissure. — Page 205 

1. What is thyroidotomy? 

2. What is cricotomy? 

3. What is crico-tracheotomy? 

4. What is crico-thyroidotomy? 

5. What instruments are necessary to perform these opera- 

tions? 

6. How should the animal be secured ? 

7. How should the field of operation be prepared? 

8. How should the incision be made? 

9. Why is it necessary to control all hemorrhage before di- 

viding the mucous membrane? 

10. How could blood be prevented from entering the lungs 

without the tampon canula? 

11. How may the cartilages be injured? 

12. What is the technique of the removal of the arytenoid car- 

tilage? 

13. How may the operative field be kept free from blood? 

14. How should spurting vessels be treated? 

15. How should the mucous membrane be sutured? 



66 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

16. What is the after treatment? 

17. How much rest should the animal be given before it is 

returned to work? 

18. Are the effects always immediate or may they be Je- 

delayed? 

Diseaises of the Thorax. — Page 217 

1. What is the thoracic cavity? 

2. What bones form its frame work? 

3. What forms its postero-inferior boundary? 

4. What bounds its anterior aperture? 

5. What lines it internally? 

6. What organs does it contain? 

7. What organs are covered by the pleurae? 

8. What blood vessels supply its walls with blood? 

9. On which border of the rib is the intercostal artery and 

vein located? 

10. Where does the external thoracic vein cross its walls? 

11. What are the boundaries of the space occupied by the 

heart? 

12. On a line with which ribs are the posterior borders of the 

olecranon tuberosities? 

Fracture of the R^ibs.— Page 217 

1. How are such fractures usually produced? 

2. What is a contused fracture? 

3. Which rib is sometimes fractured by hard pulling? 

4. Why are hogs' ribs so often fractured? 

5. What is a subperiosteal fracture? 

6. What is a compound fracture? 

7. What complications of costal fractures are most serious? 

8. Why is union of the posterior ribs most difficult? 

9. Does union, by cartilage only, impair the health of the 

animal? 

10. What is the chief danger in compound fractures, involving 

the skin? 

11. What is sequestrum? 

12. What are the chief dangers from injuries to the pleurae 

and lungs? 



68 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

13. What blood vessels are liable to be injured? 

14. How are costal fractures diagnosed? 

15. What would be the symptoms of injury to the lungs and 

pleurae from costal fractures, without a skin wound? 

16. What similarity is seen in the symptoms of fracture of the 

first rib and radial paralysis? 

17. How should simple fractures of the ribs be treated? 

18. How should they be treated if complicated? 

Costal Sinvis. — Page 219 

1. What is a costal sinus? 

2. What are the causes? 

3. What are the symptoms? 

4. How should it be treated? 

5. What is the prognosis? 

Sterna-I Sin\is. — Page 220 

1. What are the causes of a sternal sinus? 

2. What is the treatment? 

3. What is the prognosis? 

Wounds a.nn Bruises of the Soft Parts of the Chest Wall 
Wounds without Perfora-ions. — Page 222 

1. Of what do the above wounds consist? 

2. What vessels are liable to be injured? 

3. What are the chief dangers from punctured wounds of this 

region, that do not reach the thoracic or abdominal cav- 
ities? 

4. What constitutional symptoms would indicate serious com 

plications? 

5. How might emphysema develop from such wounds? 

6. What would lameness, when accompanying such wounds 

indicate? 

7. What would coldness and loss of pulsation about the foot 

indicate? 

8. How should such wounds be treated? 



70 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

Wounds of the PleuraL. — Page 224 

1. What is pneumothorax? 

2. In what two ways may air enter the pleural sac? 

3. What forms of wounds are liable to open it? 

4. How may it be determined? 

5. What effect does opening it have on respiration? 

6. What becomes of air when introduced into it? 

7. What is haemothorax? 

S. Iiijurv to wnat vessels would allow blood to enter the 

pleural cavity? 
9. In what way would hemothorax be dangerous to life? 

10. In what ways may the pleurae become infected from such 

wounds? 

11. What damage may be done by probing such wounds? 

12. What knowledge may be gained by examining the body 

that made the wound? 

13. How determine whether the dyspnoea is the result of penu- 

mothorax, hemothorax, pleurisy, or injury to the mus- 
cles? 

14. What kind of sound would percussion yield in the follow- 

ing cases: 1st, Penumothorax; 2nd, Hemothorax; 3rd, 
Pleurisy? 

15. What would a blood stained discharge from the nose or 

mouth indicate? 

16. Why should the prognosis in such cases be guarded? 

17. In what animals are such wounds most serious? 

18. What is the most important principle to be observed in 

treating them? 

19. When is it advisable, to suture them? 

20. When would drains and counter-incisions be indicated? 
21. — How should they be bandaged? 

22. What would indicate necessity of redressing? 

23. How should pneumothorax be treated? 

24. How should haemothorax be treated? 

25. How should septic pleuritis be treated? 

26. What strength of bicloride solution may be used for irri- 

gating the pleural sacks? 



72 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

Shoulder Abscesses. — Page 228 

1. What are shoulder abscesses? 

2. In what tissues do they develop? 

3. What relation do they bear to the levator humeri muscle? 

4. What is their appearance? 

5. Are they of slov/ or rapid development? 

6. What are the causes? 

7. What germ is said to produce them? 

8. Why should they be opened early? 

9. What is the result of leaving them too long without open- 

ing? 

10. What is the effect of setons upon them? 

11. How may the swelling be treated before opening? 

12. How may fibrous growths be destroyed after they are 

opened? 

13. How may they be dissected? 

14. What blood vessels are in danger of being wounded? 

15. What effect does their dissection have on the levator hu- 

meri muscles? 

16. What after treatment is necessary? 

17. What are pillar reins and where are they useful? 

SaLddle aLnd CollaLr Galls. — Pase 233 

1. What is hygroma? 

2. How may undue pressure on a part produce one? 

3. What is the difference in the appearance of a cyst when 

superficial and when beneath the fascia? 

4. How would the superficial and deep forms differ clinically? 

5. How might undue pressure produce necrosis of the skin? 

6. How could such injuries cause necrosis of the bone? 

7. How may necrosis of fascia or ligament be produced? 

8. How are such injuries liable to terminate? 

9. How do such injuries to the withers act to produce fistulous 

withers? 

10. Why are abscesses in the region of the withers so difficult 

to heal? 

11. Does necrosis of the ribs, bodies of the vertebrae, or scapula 

ever occur? 

12. What is the prognosis? 



74 



INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 



13. How do the above conditions differ from eczema of the 

same region? 

14. What is the important principle in fitting a saddle or col- 

lar to prevent injury to the tissues? 

15. Whj' are side saddles particularly injurious to the parts? 

16. How may double girt saddles prevent such injuries? 

17. What is the primary cause of all fistulous withers? 

18. How may such injuries occur independent of the saddle and 

collar? 

19. Is this disease endemic; if so, what is the cause? 

20. How should cutaneous injuries of this region be treated? 

21. How does cold affect the extravasation? 

22. Why do some bruises cause hygroma and others abscess? 

23. What should be the treatment if necrosis is present? 

24. What three principles should always be observed in ti^eat- 

ing fistulous withers? 

25. Of what does a perfect drainage consist? 

26. How does a dry surface prevent the development of bac- 

teria? 

27. How could hygroma be distinguished from an abscess? 

28. How should each be treated? 

29. If a hygroma is to be aspirated, what antiseptic precau- 

tions are necessary? 

30. V/hat v/as Portal's experience in removing the cartilage of 

prolongation? 

31. Where should an incision be made to drain the region in- 

ternal to it? 

32. How may pads be arranged to protect a bruised spot be- 

neath collar or saddle? 

33. How should fibroma and granuloma resulting from in- 

juries by collar or saddle be treated? 

Tapping the Thoracic Cavity. — Page 244 

1. What is paracentesis? 

2. What is the operation called when applied to the thoracic 

cavity? 

3. For what purpose is it performed? 

4. What sized trocar should be used? 

5. How should the field of operation and instruments be pre- 

pared? 



76 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

6. How may entrance of air to the cavity be prevented? 

7. Where should the puncture be made in the horse, measuring 

from point of elbow? 

8. How tell when the trocar has reached the thoracic cavity? 

9. At which border of the rib should the puncture be made? 

Surgica.1 Disea.ses of the Abdomen. — Page 251 

1. What organs and tissues compose the abdominal walls? 

2. By what vessels are they supplied with blood? 

3. What organs are contained within this cavity? 

4. What vessels supply them with blood? 

5. Through what system of veins is it returned to the heart? 

6. What are the natural openings to the abdominal cavity? 

7. Where is each situated? 

8. What is a hsematoma? 

9. How could one be produced by a bruise? 

10. What is the principal danger from punctured wounds of 

this wall, that do not penetrate the cavity? 

11. How should they be treated? 

12. How should incised wounds of these walls be treated? 

13. How should bruises of this region be treated? 

Wounds of the Abdomen. — Page 258 

1. What four classes of these wounds are mentioned by Mol- 

len? 

2. How do these compare from a clinical standpoint? 

3. How are wounds that penetrate this cavity usually made? 

4. What are the principal dangers from such wounds? 

5. How should they be treated? 

6. What symptoms would indicate peritonitis? 

7. In wounds with prolapse, what is the first important step 

in their treatment? 

8. How may the prolapsed organs be kept in position? 

9. What general line of treatment should be adopted with 

all such wounds? 



78 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

Bowel Fistvila.. — Page 259 

1. What is anus preternatiiralis? 

2. How may these fistulae be formed? 

3. In what way may they be of detriment to the animal? 

4. How should they be treated? 

5. How could the purse-string suture be used in their treat- 

ment? 

Pa.ra.centests Abdominis. — Page 261 

1. Of what does this operation consist? 

2. For what purpose is it performed? 

3. At what point may the puncture be made? 

4. How should the field of operation and instruments be pre- 

pared 

Hernia.. — Page 263 

1. What is hernia? 

2. How does it differ from prolapse? 

3. What is incarceration? 

4. What kind of herniae are caused by congenital defects? 

5. At what period of life do they usually appear? 

6. What is intra-abdominal pressure? 

7. How does it affect hernia? 

8. What is the hernial ring? 

9. What is the hernial rriass or swelling? 

10. What is the hernial sac ? 

11. What is the hernial content? 

12. What may be in the sac? 

13. What is the difference between reducible and irreduci1:)1.3 

herniae? 

14. What conditions would cause them to be irreducible? 

15. How may they be diagnosed? 

16. How do they differ from inflammatory swellings? 

17. What does the existence of the hernia opening prove? 

18. How could the trocar be of service in diagnosing hernia? 

19. When does a hernia become dangerous? 

20. Which is the most dangerous, the large or small hernial 

ring? 



8o INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

21. What constitutes strangulated hernia? 

22. When strangulation takes place, which set of blood vessels 

becomes obstructed first? 

23. What effect does the venous obstruction have upon the 

contents of the bowel? 

24. What causes the pain in strangulated hernia? 

25. How does faecal stasis add to the disturbance? 
2G. What causes necrosis of the contents? 

27. Where is it first visible? 

28. What is the appearance when in its first stage? 

29. Is the color of the tissues a positive guide? 

30. What is the cause of strangulation? 

31. What are the symptoms? 

Umbilica.1 Hernia. — Page 273 

1. How is the umbilical ring formed? 

2. What is an umbilical hernia? 

3. What viscera are liable to protrude? 

4. What are the causes? 

5. What are the symptoms? 

6. How may the open umbilicus be found? 

7. What other diseases might be mistaken for it? 

8. How can they be differentiated? 

9. What would result if the cord was not severed close enough? 

10. What animals are subject to umbilical hernia? 

11. Why is incarceration of umbilical hernia rare? 

12. What effect does the size of protruding organs have on 

spontaneous recovery? 

13. Is spontaneous recovery com.mon? 

14. If so, what is the cause? 

15. Prior to what age does it occur, if at all? 

16. Upon what does the prognosis depend? 

17. What is the prognosis, if strangulation has taken place? 

18. How m^ay common salt be used in the treatment of her- 

nia? 

19. How may trusses be used? 

20. What is the object in using caustics? 

21. How does their effect differ from the actual cautery? 



82 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

22. What is the relative value of the above means as curative 

agents? 

23. What constitutes radical treatment? 

24. How is the operation of simple ligation performed? 

25. In what sized hernial rings is this method effective? 

26. How is the multiple ligature applied? 

27. How is the operation performed by clamps? 

28. How could a wood clamp be used? 

29. How long should clamps or ligatures be left on? 

30. In what sized hernian are ligatures and clamps always of 

service? 

31. What is herniotomy? 

32. Under what circumstances should it be performed? 

33. What is the technique of the operation? 

34. Should the peritoneal sac be opened? 

35. What would be the probale result if catgut sutures were 

used? 

36. How does adhesion of the peritoneum interfere with the 

operation? 

37. How would a large oval ring affect the results? 

38. Why are ligatures, clamps, and irritants unsuitable for 

dogs and other small animals? 

Inguinal a^nd Scrotal Hernia. — Page 280 

1. Through what natural opening do they occur? 

2. What forms the hernial sac? 

3. Is either sex exempt? 

4. Why are quadrupeds less susceptible than man? 

5. What species of the lower animals are most susceptible? 

6. What organs are liable to enter the sac? 

Inguinal Hernia, in the Horse. — Page 2S1 

1. What is the inguinal canal? 

2. What forms its anterior and posterior boundaries? 

3. What forms its external opening? 

4. What is its shape? 

5. Has it an internal opening? 



84 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

6. By what is it occupied in the normal male? 

7. By what is it occupied in the female? 

8. What is its length in the horse? 

9. What is the processus vaginalis? 

10. Of what is it composed? 

11. From what is the infundibuliform fascia derived? 

12. What is the relative strength of the structures forming the 

testicular sac? 

13. What forms the abdominal ring? 

14. What is the cause of inguinal hernia? 

15. At what age is it most likely to appear? 

16. At what age is spontaneous recovery likely to occur? 

17. Are geldings exempt? 

18. What are the symptoms? 

19. What is the difference between inguinal and scrotal hernia? 

20. What is the condition of the spermatic cord, in incomplete 

inguinal hernia? 

21. How can a diagnosis be confirmed by manual examination? 

22. What effect does strangulated inguinal hernia have on the 

gait? 

23. How do the symptoms differ from those of colic? 

24. Why is it advisable to examine the scrotal region in all 

cases of colic? 

25. How can it be differentiated from sarcocele? 

26. How can it be differentiated from hydrocele and hemato- 

cele? 

27. What is the prognosis of non-strangulated hernia? 

28. What of strangulated? 

TreoLtmervt of InguinaLl aLtid Scrotal Hernia.. — Page 285 

1. What is the object to be sought in their treatment? 

2. How does it differ when the horse is to be kept entire or 

gelded? 

3. How can reduction be assisted per rectum? 

4. How may clamps be used? 

5. How may ligatures be serviceable? 

6. To what tissues must either clamps or ligatures be applied? 

7. How long should they be left on? 

8. How should the operation be modified in the gelding? 

9. What is the procedure, if omentum is found in the pro- 

cessus? 



86 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

10. How does the treatment of strangulated hernia differ from 

the above? 

11. What methods should be tried to reduc it without oper- 

ating? 

12. How may hot applications be of service? 

13. How can the abdominal ring be enlarged? 

14. What vessels are liable to be injured? 

15. How may the cavity of the processus vaginatis be obstructe:! 

to prevent a recurrence? 

16. Why is immediate operation necessary in strangulation? 

Fa^lse InguinaLl Hernia. — Page 292 

1. How does this differ from the true inguinal hernia? 

2. Could they be differentiated without an operation? 

3. How would the treatment differ? 

4. In what position should the horse be placed, and how re- 

strained for such operations? 

5. How should adhesion be treated? 

Ingxjinal Hernia in Ruminetnts.— Page 294 

1. Is this of common occurrence? 

2. Why is it less serious than in the horse? 

3. In what ways, if any, would the treatment differ from that 

for the horse? 

Inguinacl Hernia In Swine. — Page 295 

1. Is this of common occurrence? 

2. How does it differ from that of the horse? 

3. How should it be treated? 

4. How should the animal be restrained? 

Inguinal Hernia^, in Dogs.— Pagr 297 

1. In which sex is it most common? 

2. What organ is usually found in the hernial sac? 

3. Are bitches that have never had puppies subject to it? 

4. How does parturition predispose them to it? 

5. Is strangulation liable to occur? 



88 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

6. How is inguinal hernia diagnosed? 

7. Would strangulation be liable to produce vomiting? 

8. What is the technique of the radical operation for it? 

9. At what periods should such operations be avoided? 

Crural Hernia.- -Page 298 

1. Where is the crural ring? 

2. What bounds it? 

3. By what is it occupied? 

4. What divides it from the peritoneal cavity? 

5. What structures must be distended or ruptured to allovj 

viscera to enter it? 

6. What are the symptoms of this form of hernia? 

7. Is a rectal examination of any service in diagnosing it? 

8. What are the causes? 

9. How should it be treated in diagnosing it? 
10. Is the disease common? 

Perineal HerniOL. — Page 299 

1. What is the excavatio recto-vesicalis? 

2. In which sex is it found? 

3. Where is the excavatio recto-uterina? 

4. Where is the excavatio vesico-uterina? 

5. What is perineal hernia? 

6. What animals suffer most from this accident? 

7. What organs are usually found in the sac in the male? 

8. What in the female? 

9. Where does the tumor of this hernia form? 

10. How can it be diagnosed? 

11. What are the causes? 

12. Does strangulation ever occur? 

13. What is the technique of the operation for its cure? 

14. Under what circumstances is it best to operate? 

Ventral Hernia. — Page 301 

1. What is ventral hernia? 

2. How does it differ from umbilical? 

3. What are the causes? 



go 



INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 



4. Is the sac of ventral hernia usually lined with peritoneum? 

5. What organs are liable to be in it? 

6. Where are ventral herniae usually located? 

7. What are the symptoms? 

8. How does the diagnosis differ from that of umbilical? 

9. How does the treatment differ? 

10. Why are the clamp and ligature not successful in treating it? 

11. In what kind of ventral herniae is incarceration most liable 

to occur? 

12. What other forms of hernia are liable to be met with? 



Surgical Diseases of the Stomach and Bowels, Foreign 
Bodies in the Digestive Tract. — Page 310 

1. How do foreign bodies reach the digestive tract? 

2. What species of animals are most frequently affected? 

3. What class of foreign bodies is liable to be found in the 

digestive tract of oxen? 

4. Have horses ever been known to be so affected? 

5. What foreign substances are most liable to reach the intes- 

tinal tract of dogs? 
G. What is the chief danger of them in bovines? 

6. From what organ can they reach the pericardium? 

7. How may they cause peritonitis? 

8. Do they ever penetrate to the exterior of the body? 

9. Are sheep and goats ever so affected? 

10. What would be the probable result if a dog swallowed a 

solid rubber ball one inch in diameter? 

11. If a bone swallowed by a dog reaches the stomach, where 

is it liable to lodge? 

12. What are the symptoms of a foreign body passing from 

the reticulum to the pericardial sac in cattle? 

13. What are the symptoms of obstruction of the digestive 

tract of dogs by foreign bodies. 

14. How may palpation be of service in this connection? 

15. Are the X-rays of service here? 

16. What is the technique of the operation for the removal of 

such bodies in cattle? 

17. How should dogs be treated if known to have recently swal- 

lowed harmful bodies? 



92 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

18. What is the meaning of the prefix, — laparo? 

19. What is the meaning of the suffix, — tomy? 

20. What is laparotomy? 

21. What is laparo-gastrotomy? 

22. What is laparo-hysterectomy? 

23. What is laparo-enterotomy? 

24. What is laparo-colostomy? 

25. How is Gely's bowel-suture made? 

26. How is Lembert's? 

27. How is Wolfler's? 

28. What is the principle of all bowel sutures? 

29. What of the Murphy button? 

30. How is it used? 

31. How is the Connell suture made? 

32. What is the technique of laparo-gastrotomy, and laparo- 

enterotomy for the removal of a foreign body? 

33. What antiseptic precautions should be taken? 

34. How should the abdominal wound he closed? 

35. What should be the after treatment? 

36. Why is the prognosis of laparatomy in the horse so un- 

favorable? 

Puncture of the Bowel in Horses. — Page 315 

1. What is punctio-intestini? 

2. For what purpose is it performed? 

3. What organs are punctured? 

4. Where is the field of operation? 

5. What are the necessary antiseptic precautions? 

G. How determine the necessity of puncturing at a certain 
point? 

7. What points of the abdomen can be punctured? 

8. What is the prognosis? 

9. What of puncture from the rectum? 

10. What causes the most serious abscesses following punc- 

ture? 

11. How should an abscess following this operation be treated? 

12. Should the skin be incised before the trocar is inserted? 

13. What sized trocar is preferable ? 

14. Is it advisable to puncture more than once in the same 

place? 



94 



INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 



15. Is it ever advisable to puncture the same animal in more 

than one place? 

16. When is the stomach tube of service? 

Puncture of the ILumen. — Page 321 

1. What instruments are necessary for this operation? 

2. Under what circumstances is it necessary to pertorm it? 

3. Where is the field of operation? 

4. Is antisepsis as essential as in the horse? 

5. Why is it necessary to use so large a canula? 

6. What feeds are most liable to cause fermentaf on in the ru- 

men? 

7. Is the stomach tube of service in this condition? 

8. How should it be used? 

R^umenotomy. — Page 325 

1. What is rumenotomy? 

2. When is it indicated? 

3. Where is the field of operation? 

4. What are the necessary antiseptic precautions? 

5. What are the necessary instruments? 

6. How should the animal be secured? 

7. What is the technique of opening the rumen? 

8. What precautions are necessary to prevent ingesta from en- 

tering the peritoneal cavity? 

9. After the rumen is opened, how should the contents be re- 

moved? 

10. Hov/ should the incision in the rumen be closed? 

11. When should the rumen be loosened from the abdominal 

wall? 

12. How should the incision in the abdominal wall be closed? 

13. What is the after-treatment? 

Intussusception or Invagina^tion of the Bowel. — Page 328 

1. What is intussussception? 

2. What are its symptoms in the horse? 

3. What in the ox? 



96 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

4. What in the dog? 

5. Is medicinal treatment of any value? 

6. What is the surgical treatment? 

7. How does it differ from that for the removal of foreign 

bodies? 



Twist or R^otation of the Colon. — Page 330 

1. Of what does it consist? 

2. What part of the colon becomes displaced? 

3. According to Jelkmann, what percentage of fatal cases of 

colic examined, resulted from this condition? 

4. What class of horses is most susceptible? 

5. How do the symptoms differ from those of ordinary colics? 

6. What is the normal direction of the longtitudinal bands of 

the colon? 

7. Can these be detected per rectum? 

8. What is their direction in twist to the right? 

9. What is their direction in torsion to the left? 

10. What is the appearance of the rectal mesentery? 

11. What is the difference in the direction of caecal and colic 

bands? 

12. How can these points be demonstrated on the cadaver? 

13. What is the prognosis, if not reduced? 

14. What is the modus operandi of their reduction? 

15. Is it advisable to evacuate the gas by puncture? 

16. Is it not possible that this condition often exists and reduces 

spontaneously after puncturing? 

Surgical Diseases of the Posterior Portion of the R^ectum 

and Anus. — Page 335 

1. How much of the rectum of the horse is without a serous 

covering? 

2. What portion is so arranged in the smaller animals? 

3. What supports it in its position? 

4. How do the gland structures about the anus of the dog dif- 

fer from those of other animals? 



I04 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

DiseaLses of the Urinary Organs. Congenital Malforma- 
tions. Fissxjres of the Male Meatus Urinarius— Page 356 

1. What constitutes hypospadia? 

2. What is epispadia? 

3. What are the causes? 



Pervious Urachus. — Page 356 

1. What is the urachus? 

2. What is its function in roeta] life? 

3. What becomes of it after birth? 

4. What happens when it remains open? 

5. How should it be treated? 

6. Is it of importance to note if the urethra is normal? 

Urinary Catlculi. — Page 357 

1. What are calculi? 

2. Where do urinary calculi form? 

3. From what are they formed? 

4. How do they form? 

5. How may catarrhal inflammation of the tract cause them? 

6. How may they be caused by retention of urine? 

7. Are they usually single or multiple? 

Urinary Calculi in the Horse. — Page 358 

1. In what part of the urinary tract are calculi liable to form? 

2. What are the symptoms? 

3. How can they be diagnosed through the rectum or through 

the vagina? 

4. How may the catheter be of service in the diagnosis? 

5. If these bodies lodge in the urethra, at what point are they 

liable to be? 

6. Where is the fossa navicularis? 

7. What is lithotomy? 

8. What is the technique of this operation? 

9. In what position should the animal be placed? 
10. How should it be restrained? 



I02 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

17. If reposition fails, what operative procedure may be resort- 

ed to? 

18. How is the wooden ring used? 

19. How are multiple ligatures applied in amputating it? 

20. What is the cobbler's stitch, and how is it applied? 

21. What aftertreatment is necessary? 

Dialatation, Stenosis and Pacralysis of the R.ectvim and 

Anus. — Page 349 

1. What is stenosis? 

2. What are the causes of stenosis of the anus? 

3. What of the rectum? 

4. How may each be prevented? 

5. How may each be treated after once contracted? 

6. What is dilatation of the rectum? 

7. How does it differ from paralysis? 

8. How should each of these conditions be treated? 

Anal a^nd Recto-VaLginal Fistula.. — Page 353 

1. What constitutes complete anal fistula? 

2. What incomplete anal fistula? 

3. What recto-vaginal fistula? 

4. What is the cause of the former? 

5. What of the latter? 

6. How are they diagnosed? 

7. What is the treatment for anal fistula? 

8. What for recto-vaginal? 

9. What is the prognosis? 

Tumors in the Rectum a^nd Anus. — Page 354 

1. What kind of tumors has been found in the perirectal con- 

nective tissue of dogs? 

2. What kind of tumors is found in the same region of the 

horse? 

3. What class is most common in the rectum? 

4. How are they diagnosed? 

5. Upon what does the prognosis depend? 

6. How should they be treated? 



loo INTERROGATORY SURCxERY. 

9. What are the symptoms? 

10. Is it liable to cause pruritus? 

11. How should it be treated? 

InflammaLtion of the Surrounding R^ectal Connective 

Tissue. — Page 341 

1. What is paraproctitis? 

2. What are the causes? 

3. What is purulent cellulitis? 

4. How may it affect these tissues? 

5. What would be the effect of an abscess of this kind upon 

the movement of the bowels? 

6. What would be the result of its opening into the periton- 

eal cavity? 

7. What is the prognosis, if it opens or is opened into the 

rectum? 

8. What if external? 

9. How should such' conditions be treated? 

Prolapse of R.ectum a^nd Anvjs. — Page 343 

1. Of what does this consist? 

2. When is prolapsus ani a physiological condition? 

3. In what animal is this condition most marked? 

4. What animals are subject to an abnormal prolapse? 

5. What tissue would necessarily be ruptured in complete pro- 

lapsus recti? 
G. What is prolapsus recti cum invaginatione? 

7. What is the usual cause? 

8. How can prolapsus be distinguished from invagination? 

9. What causes the twisted appearance of an inverted bowel? 

10. How can it be reduced? 

11. What medicinal agents may be used to prevent its return? 

12. In what position should the animal be kept? 

13. What effect would distention of the bowel with liquid have, 

if the hind quarters were raised? 

14. What effect does the length of time it has existed have on 

reposition? 

15. What methods may be employed to prevent a relapse? 

16. How should sutures be applied for this purpose? 



gS INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

Congenital MalformaLtions.— Page 335 

1. What is atresia ani? 

2. What is atresia recti? 

3. What is cloaca? 

4. How is the anus formed? 

5. At what period does this occur in the horse and ox? 

6. When in sheep, goats and swine? 

7. W^hen in carnivora? 

8. How does it happen that the anus is not always formed? 

9. What are the symptoms of imperforated anus? 

10. What animals are most liable to be so affected? 

11. How should they be treated? 

12. How can stenosis be prevented? 

13. What is the prognosis? 

Injuries to the Rectum a.nd Anal Region.— Page 338 

1. How may the rectum be injured? 

2. How may the injuries vary in extent? 

3. How are they diagnosed? 

4. What are mares that receive such injuries during parturi- 

tion commonly called? 

5. How should such cases be treated? 

6. Is it necessary to give special attention to the condition 

of the bowels during the treatment? 

7. Would division of the sphincter ani on the opposite side be 

of service? 

InflammaLtion of the Muco\js Menvbrane of the 
Rectum and Anus. — Page 340 

1. What is proctitis? 

2. What are the causes? 

3. What is pruritus ani? 

4. What is tenesmus? 

5. What are the symptoms of proctitis? 

6. Of what does the local treatment consist? 

7. What internal treatment is indicated? 

8. What glands about the anus of dogs are subject to inflam- 

mation? 



LofC. 



112 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

Inflammation of the Urina.ry Bla^dder. — Page 380 

1. What are the usual causes of cystitis? 

2. What is pericystitis? 

3. What are its surgical causes? 

4. What are the symptoms? 

5. What is the treatment if due to a traumatism? 
G. What if from a foreign body? 

7. What if from irritating drugs? 

8. What if from alkaline fermentation? 

Prolapse and Inversion of tKe Bladder.— Page 382 

1. Which sex is subject to this condition? 

2. Which species are most subject to it? 

3. If the lower vaginal wall were ruptured and the bladder 

pushed through, would the condition constitute ])ro- 
lapse or eversion? 

4. Which condition would exist, if the outer surface of the 

protruding body were a serous membrane? 

5. Which if the outer surface were a mucous membrane? 

G. Would any tissue necessarily have to rupture to permit 
eversion of the bladder? 

7. How does eversion take place? 

8. For what might prolapse vesicae be mistaken in parturi- 

tion? 

9. Could the prolapsed bladder contain urine? 

10. Could the everted one? 

11. In the latter case, where would the uterus be found? 

12. In eversion where is the protruding organ found? 

13. Why is prolapse more dangerous than eversion? 

14. How should recent cases of prolapse be treated? 

15. If the serous coat had become ulcerated, what would be the 

prognosis? 
IG. How should the vaginal wound be treated after reposition? 

17. In prolapse, what part of the urethra is liable to become 

obstructed? 

18. How should eversion be treated? 

19. What would be the prognosis of eversion if the mucous 

membrane had become diseased? 
2U. How should reposition be accomplished? 



no INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

19. Why should cicatricial tissue be reduced to the minimum? 

20. Is surturing of the urethral wound advisable? 

21. Why should the skin wound be left open and larger than 

that of the urethra? 

22. Why is it necessary to wash frequently urethral wounds 

of dogs with a saline solution? 

23. How should stenosis be treated? 

24. Under what circumstances might an artificiary urinary 

meatus be established? 

25. What is the technique of the operation? 

26. What are the causes of urethral fistula? 

Para-Iysis of the UrinaLry BlsLdder. — Page 377 

1. What is cystoplegia? 

2. How does this affect urination? 

3. What effect would paralysis of the sphincter vesicae have 

on urination? 

4. What conditions may produce paralysis of the bladder? 

5. What are the symptoms of paialysis of its muscular coat? 
G. What if both the detrusor, urinae, and sphincter vesicae 

are paralyzed? 

7. What is ischuria? 

8. What is enuresis? 

9. What is the prognosis? 

10. How should retention be treated ? 

11. How should catheterization be performed on the horse and 

mare? 

12. How on male and female bovine? 

13. How on the dog? 

14. What danger is there of producing infection of the blad- 

der? 

15. What complications might lesult from decomposition of the 

urine? 

16. What is cystitis? 

17. What is nephritis? 

18. What is pyelitis? 

19. What is pyelo-nephritis? 

20. Under what circumstances should the bladder be irrigated? 

21. How should the operation be performed? 



io8 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

S. How is it performed upon the dog? 
9. How is the wound in the bladder closed? 
10. Why would it be better to stitch the incision in the 
bladder to that of the abdomen? 

Puncture of the Bla.dder. — Page 373 

1. In what animals does the over-distended bladder reach (he 

floor of the abdomen? 

2. From what point is puncture of the bladder most easily 

performed in herbivora? 

3. From what point in dogs? 

4. What is the technique of this operation? 

5. Under what circumstances should it be performed? 

Injuries, InflaLmnnaiion and Stenosis of the 
Urethra. — Page 375 

1. How is the urethra of the horse liable to be injured? 

2. What are the causes of stenosis of it? 

3. What is urethritis? 

4. What are the causes? 

5. What animals suffer from chronic, purulent, urethral ca- 

tarrh? 

6. What is stricture. 

7. How is perforation of the urethra recognized? 

8. What would be the probable result of a small puncture of 

the urethra? 

9. What effect does urethritis have on urination? 

10. What are the symptoms of simple catarrhal urethritis in 

horses? 

11. What is the treatment? 

12. What are the symptoms of stricture? 

13. How do these differ from those of urethral calculus? 

14. What are the symptoms of purulent, catarrhal urethritis in 

dogs? 

15. How should it be treated? 

16. What is the prognosis of injuries and stenosis of the 

urethra? 

17. How should injuries of the urethra be treated? 

18. Why is it important to prevent cellular-tissue becoming in- 

filtrated with urine? 



io6 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

11. What would be the procedure if the calculus were too large 

to pass the urethra? 

12. What is the after treatment? 

13. How much time may be required to dilate the urethral mus- 

cles? 

14. Is an anesthetic necessary? 

Urethral CdLlcxili in R^uminants. — Page 365 

1. How does the urethra of other male animals differ from 

that of the horse? 

2. In what part of the urinary tract are calculi most liable 

to lodge? 

3. Which sex is troubled most? 

4. What are the symptoms? 

5. What condition is the upper part of the urethra and blad- 

der liable to be in? 

6. Is rupture of the bladder liable to occur? 

7. What is urethrotomy? 

S. In which curve of the penis is the calculus most liable to 

be? 

9, In what position should the animal be placed to operate? 

10. Can the location of the stone be determined by palpation? 

11. Where should the incision be made? 

12. How avoid opening the testicular sac? 

13. How is the stone removed after the incision is made? 

14. What after treatment should the wound receive? 

15. If there were danger of rupture of the bladder, how could 

it be evacuated? 

16. How could the animal be relieved? 

Urinary CaLlculi in the Dog. — Page 371 

1. How does the penis of the dog differ from that of other 

animals? 

2. Where are urinary calculi most liable to lodge? 

3. What are the symptoms? 

4. How may a diagnosis be confirmed? 

5. What is the technique of the operation for their removal? 

6. What sequelae are liable to follow? 

7. What is laparo-cystotomy? 



114 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

21. What treatment would be indicated if the mucous mem- 

brane were necrotic? 

22. What is the technique of the operation of amputating the 

bladder? 

Tumors In the Urethra arvd Bladder. — Page 386 

1. What kind of tumors is liable to form in the urethra? 

2. What forms of new growth are liable to form in the 

bladder? 

3. What are the symptoms? 

4. What is the prognosis? 

5. How should they be treated? 

Disea^ses of the Male Orga-ns of Generation. — Page 389 

1. What is balanitis? 

2. What is the prepuce? 

3. How is it formed in the horse? 

4. What constitutes the preputial ring? 

5. What is the glands penis? 

6. Where is the urethral fossa? 

7. W^hat kind of glands is found in the preputial tissues? 

8. What is smegma preputii? 

9. How may an excess of smegma affect the sheath? 

10. How may it affect urination? 

11. How will urinating in the sheath affect it? 

12. What is the effect of such accumulations in the urethral 

fossa? 

13. What conditions would tend to cause oedema of the sheath? 

14. What is the treatment? 

15. How should the penis be grasped to pull it down? 

16. How should stenosis of the sheath be treated? 

17. How can a horse be prevented from urinating in the sheath? 

18. How should excoriations of the prepuce be treated? 

InfIaLn\nr\ation of the Prepuce in Oxen. — Page 391 

1. How is the prepuce of the ox formed? 

2. What are the causes of its inflammation? 



ii6 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

3. How does the accumulation of smegma interfere with urina- 

tion? 

4. What are the symptoms? 

5. What complications are liable to ensue? 

6. How should the hairs about the prepuce be treated? 

7. What treatment is required if the prepuce is swollen from 

accumulations within? 

8. What, if necrosis is present? 

Irvflamma.tior\ of the Prepuce in CarnlvoroL. — Page 393 

1. What are the symptoms of chronic preputial catarrh in 

dogs? 

2. Has the disease any relation to gonorrhoea of man? 

3. What is the treatment? 

Phimosis, Para.phtmosis, Pa-ralysis of the Muscles of, 
and Injury to, the Penis, — Page 394 

1. Of what does phimosis consist? 

2. How may this interfere with urination? 

3. What kind of abnormal connection between the sheath and 

prepuce could interfere with copulation? 

4. How should phimosis be treated? 

5. What constitutes paraphimosis? 
G. What are the causes? 

7. Why are dogs subject to this condition? 

8. How does paraphimosis differ from paralysis? 

9. Is thrombosis of the vessels of the penis ever met with? 

10. How could injury to the penis cause paraphimoris? 

11. How can paralysis and paraphimosis be differentiated? 

12. Why do these conditions sometimes occur during severe 

disease? 

13. How should paraphimosis of the dog be treated? 

14. How should the same condition of the horse be treated? 

15. How stenosis of the sheath? 

IC. How can the elastic bandage be used? 

17. Of what benefit is scarification? 

18. What medicinal treatment would be indicated in paralysis 

of the penis? 

19. Where should such agents be injected? 



ii8 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

20. How could the penis be protected from injury? 

21. How is it liable to be injured in the horse or bull? 

22. What constitutes its so-called fracture? 

23. How may the penis of the dog be injured during coition? 

24. How may such injuries produce stricture? 

25. How may they affect urination? 

Tumors of the 5hea.th a^nd Penis. — Page 39S 

1. What kind of tumors is common to the sheath of horses? 

2. Are dogs exempt? 

3. What kind of new growths is common about the penis of 

bulls? 

4. How should such growths be treated? 

Amputation of the Penis. — Page 399 

1. Where is the corpus cavernosum? 

2. The corpus spongiosum? 

3. What structure penetrates its entire length? 

4. What forms the giands penis? 

5. What constitutes the crura? 

6. What muscle empties the urethra? 

7. What muscle elevates and retracts the penis? 

8. What other muscle retracts it? 

9. What structure surrounds the corpus cavernosum? 

10. Through what vessels does the blood enter and return from 

the penis? 

11. Where are they situated? 

12. What three factors are to be considered in amputating the 

penis? 

13. What conditions make the operation necessary? 

14. How should the animal be restrained? 

15. At what point should the penis be amputated? 

16. How can it be held down during the operation? 

17. What principles must be observed to prevent stenosis? 

18. How can hemorrhage be controlled? 

19. Why is it more difficult to control in the entire horse than 

a castrated one? 

20. What is the technique of the operation by ligation? 

21. What by cautery? 



I20 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

22. What by simple section? 

23. What by the ecraseiir? 

24. What by the elastic ligature? 

25. How is the operation performed in carnivora? 

Disea^se of the Prostate. — Page 403 

1. Where is the prostate gland located? 

2. Of how many lobes is it composed? 

3. What is the size of the lobes? 

4. How is it developed in the ox and swine? 

5. Is it present in the dog? 

6. What form of disease of this gland is met with in the lower 

animals? 

7. What species are most often affected? 

8. What are the symptoms of disease of this gland? 

9. How differentiated from calculi? 

10. When abscesses form, where do they discharge? 

11. What effect does castration have on the disease in man? 

12. How may the inflammation be relieved? 

Diseatses of the Scrotum. — Page 405 

1. To what class of wounds is the scrotum subject? 

2. What kinds are most dangerous? 

3. How should they be treated? 

4. What animals are liable to have the scrotum frozen? 

5. What are the symptoms? 

6. What disease of the skin attacks the scrotum of dogs? 

Disea^ses of the Testicle. Ca^stration of 
Cryptorchids. — Page 407 

1. What is a cryptorchid? 

2. Where is the testicle developed during foetal life? 

3. How is it drawn into the scrotum.? 

4. By what is it supported while in the abdominal cavity? 

5. What is the processus vaginalis? 

6. Of what is it composed? 

7. How is it formed? 

8. Does it exist in an abdominal cryptorchid? 



122 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

9. At what points are hidden testicles liable to be? 

10. What animals are affected? 

11. What is the necessary preparation of the subject for the 

operation? 

12. What are the necessary instruments? 

13. How should the horse be secured? 

14. In what position should he be placed? 

15. What antiseptic precautions should be taken? 

16. Where should the incision be made? 

17. What tissues are to be cut through? 

18. How should the inguinal canal be opened? 

19. If the testicle is found in the canal, how is the operation 

completed? 

20. If it is not found there, how is the peritoneal cavity opened? 

21. Where should this opening be made? 

22. Where should the attachment of the testicular ligament be 

found? 

23. How many fingers should enter the peritoneal cavity? 

24. What should be sought lor there? 

25. When any part of the organ is found, how may it be se- 

secured? 

26. How is the operation completed? 

27. What after treatment is necessary? 

28. What would be the procedure if both are hidden? 

Inflammation of the Testicle and Epididymis. — Page 413 

1. What is orchitis? 

2. What is the meaning of the prefix, peri? 

3. What is periorchitis? 

4. What is epididymitis? 

5. What are the causes of these conditions in the lower 

animals? 

6. What are the symptoms? 

7. How does an infectious disease of these organs affect the 

body temperature? 

8. How does periorchitis affect the scrotum? 

9. What is the prognosis, if from bruises? 

10. Are calcification and ossification ever seen? 

11. What is the chief danger from abscess formation? 

12. What is the common result of periorchitis? 

13. How should inflammation of the testicles be treated? 



1Z4 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

Tumors of the Festicle. — Page 414 

1. What is sarcocele? 

2. What form of tumors is met with in the testicle? 

3. What are the symptoms? 

4. What is the treatment? 

Hydrocele, Hematocele and Vak.ricocele. — Page 415 

1. What is hydrocele? 

2. What is haematocele? 

3. What is varicocele? 

4. What are the causes of these conditions in the lower ani- 

mals? 

5. What are the symptoms? 

6. What is the treatment for such lesions? 

7. How may these conditions be differentiated from hernia? 

8. Which of these conditions sometimes follows castration? 

0. How should it be treated? 

Inflammation of the Spernvatic Cord. — Page 417 

1. What is scirrhus cord? 

2. What is champignon? 

3. How does scirrhus cord differ from champignon? 

4. What are the causes of these conditions? 

5. What is their appearance when extra-scrotal? 

6. When intra-scrotal? 

7. When inguinal? 

8. What are the symptoms when intra-abdominal? 
0. What causes the acute attacks cf cellulitis? 

10. Are they slow or rapid in their development? 

11. Is the omentum ever involved in these growths? 

12. What preventive measure should be observed? 

13. What internal treatment might be of service? 

14. What is the technique of the operation for the removal of 

scirrhus cord? 

15. What is the prognosis? 

16. What is the after treatment? 



126 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

Diseases of the Female Orga-ns of Generation, — Page 424 

1. How may the vulva be wounded? 

2. How should recent wounds of this kind be treated? 

3. What additional treatment is needed if the edges have 

cicatrized? 

4. How may wounds of the mucous membrane lead to stenosis 

or occlusion of the vulva? 

5. What would be the probalde result of an occlusion of the 

vagina, with fluid accumulations anterior to it? 
G. What is meant by primipara? 

7. How may the vagina be wounded during coition? 

8. What tissues are liable to be injured? 

9. What is the principal danger from perforation of the peri- 

toneum? 

10. How may air enter the peritoneal cavity from such wounds? 

11. What would be the probable result of jjlood entering it? 

12. How should such injuries be treated? 

13. How are these parts sometimes injured during parturition? 

14. Hovv^ should such wounds be treated? 

15. In what animals are wounds of the peritoneum most serious? 

16. How should injuries of the uterus be treated? 

17. What is infectious vulvitis? 

18. How is it transmitted? 

19. How should it be treated? 

Eversion of the Va.ginaL. -Page 423 

1. What is the difference between prolapse and eversion? 

2. What displacement of the uterus occurs in these diseases? 

3. How is it favored by tympanitis? 

4. How by stall feeding on distillers" grain? 

5. How by severe straining? 

6. How by standing in sloping stalls? 

7. Why is it most common in pregnant subjects? 

8. Why does it appear when the animal lies down, and disap- 

pear when it gets up? 

9. What is the appearance when the eversion only reaches the 

vulva? 
10. In complete eversion of the vagina, what organ is visible in 
Its center? 



128 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

11. In this condition, where would the urinary meatus be? 

12. How differentiate between a recent case and one of long 

standing? 

13. How may the organ be injured? 

14. How may over-fat cause prolapse? 

15. What precautions can be taken to prevent it? 

16. In what position should the animal be placed for reposition? 

17. In replacing the organ, over what part of it should pressure 

be applied? 

18. Is it important that the uterus be forced into the abdominal 

cavity? 

19. How should sutures be inserted to prevent relapse? 

20. How may the tail be used as a truss? 

21. In what position should the smaller animals be placed for 

reposition? 

22. How may swelling of the prolapsed organ be reduced? 

Eversion of the Uterus. — Page 431 

1. How does eversion of the uterus differ from that of the 

vagina? 

2. What is the appearance of the surface of the everted uterus 

of the cow? 

3. What condition must the cervix be in, to permit eversion of 

the uterus? • 

4. At what period does it occur? 

5. How may intussusception of one horn occur? 
G. Is this liable to remain after reposition? 

7. What are the causes of eversion? 

8. What is the prognosis in mares? 

9. What in cows? 
lu. What in bitches? 

11. In what way does its treatment differ from that for ever- 

sion of the vagina? 

12. What medicinal agent may be given to prevent straining? 

13. How may uterine contractions be encouraged? 

14. How may the hind quarters be raised to assist in replace- 

ment, or to prevent relapse? 



130 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

AmputOLtion of the Uterus.— Page 434 

1. What conditions indicate amputation of the uterus? 

2. At what point should the organ be amputated? 

3. How is the operation performed by single ligature? 

4. How by multiple? 

5. Why is the single preferable? 

6. How is it performed by elastic ligature? 

7. How may it be performed with the ecraseur and ligature? 

8. What is the prognosis? 

T\imors in the Vagina, and Uterus. — Page 436 

1. Are tumors of these organs as prevalent in the lower animal 

as in the human? 

2. How are they diagnosed? 

3. How should they be treated? 

4. What instruments are necessary? 

5. How may such growths interfere with impregnation? 

Diseases of the Mamma.ry GlaLnd — Page 439 

1. Of what does the mammary gland consist? 

2. What is the formation of the parenchymatous tissue? 

3. What shaped spaces are found in the connective tissue of 

the stroma? 

4. By what are they lined? 

5. What do they secrete? 

6. By what do they open? 

7. To what do these gland ducts lead? 

8. In what animals do the milk ducts lead direct to the ex- 

terior? 

9. To what do they lead in herbivora? 

10. Where are the galactophorous sinuses located? 

11. How many do the ruminants possess? 

12. How many sinuses does the udder of the equine possess? 

13. How many ducts does each teat possess in ruminants? 

14. How many in the mare? 

15. How many teats does each gland have in herbivora? 

IG. How many milk ducts lead from each gland to the surface 
of its teat? 



132 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

17. Of what does the stroma consist? 

18. Do these surround the udder? 

19. How is the parenchyma separated? 

Wounds and Bruises of the Udder. — Page 440 

1. What animals are most subject to wounds of udder and teat? 

2. How are such wounds usually made? 

3. How should superficial wounds of this region be treated? 

4. What is a teat fistula? 

5. How is it formed? 

6. How may injuries to the teat permanently interfere with 

milking? 

7. How may bruises cause bloody milk? 

8. How should wounds penetrating the milk duct or sinus be 

treated, during the lacteal stage? 

9. How should teat fistula be treated during this period? 

10. How is the milk tube of benefit? 

11. How can adhesive plasters be used? 

12. How can collodion or wound gelatine be of service in treat- 

ing them? 

13. When are teat fistulae most easily treated? 

Lactic Calculi. — Page 440 

1. Where do these calculi form? 

2. In what way are they troublesome? 

3. How can they be removed? 

Acute Inflacmmation of the Udder. — Page 441 

1. What is the meaning of: 1st, Mastitis; 2nd, Mammitis; Srd, 
Garget? 
How does Fleming classify mastitis? 
What animals suffer most from mammitis? 

4. At what periods of lactation is it most prevalent? 

5. At what seasons of the year? 

6. Are virgin animals ever affected? 

7. What four etiological classifications does Moller give? 
What are the mechanical causes? 
What the chemical causes? 



134 



INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 



10. What the thermal causes? 

11. What the specific causes? 

12. How does the milk favor the development of bacteria? 

13. By what three paths may they enter the udder? 

14. How m.ay they enter through the skin? 

15. How may infection occur through the teat duct? 

16. How would delay in milking assist bacterial development? 

17. HoAv may over-distention with milk produce mammiti?? 

18. What forms of infection may take place through the blood? 

19. What four clinical classes of acute mammitis are given by 

Moller? 

20. What are the four clinical classes of chronic mammitis? 

Phlegnnonous MaLStitis — Page 445 

1. What tissue does this form involve? 

2. Is it generally circumscribed or diffused? 

3. What is the appearance of the udder? 

4. What is the color of the skin? 

5. Is the swelling hard? 

6. How does it affect the milk? 

7. How is the body temperature affected? 

8. What may be the terminations? 

9. How are the abscesses of this form distinguished from those 

of the parenchymatous? 

10. Does this form ever lead to gangrene? 

11. How does it differ from oedema of the udder at time of 

parturition? 

12. Does such oedema ever terminate in phlegmonous mam- 

mitis? 

13. What is the prognosis? 

14. Is phlegmonous mastitis ever contagious? 

15. How should it be treated? 

Catarrhal Mastitis. — Page 447 

1. What structures of the udder are involved? 

2. Is the quantity of milk altered? 

3. How does it affect the quality of the milk? 

4. Does it usually involve the entire udder? 

5. What is the appearance of the milk? 



136 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

6. What is the appearance of the udder? 

7. What are the causes? 

8. Does the catarrhal form ever become chronic? 

9. What is the prognosis? 

10. What quarantine measures are said to be necessary to pre- 

vent its spreading? 

11. Is medical treatment of any avail? 

12. When are antiseptic injections indicated? 

13. What is the prognosis? 

Purulent Mastitis. — Page 449. 

1. Where does this form of mammitis originate? 

2. To what tissues does it spread? 

3. How does it differ from the catarrhal form? 

4. How does Franck's experim.ent prove its mode of infection? 

5. Does it spread from the quarter first infected? 

6. How does it affect the epithelium of the ducts and sinues? 

7. What are the causes? 

8. How does the attack being confined to one quarter prcve 

that it is infectious? 

9. Is the attack sudden and painful? 

10. Where does the swelling originate? 

11. Does it spread to the skin? 

12. How does it differ from the phlegmonous form in this 

particular? 

13. How does it affect the secretion? 

14. What causes the yellowish appearance of the milk? 

15. What causes its red appearance? 
1(3. What causes it to curdle? 

1-7. What occludes the milk ducts? 

18. How does it affect the body temperature? 

19. How does it affect the appetite? 

20. How may it affect the gait? 

21. What is the cause of such complications as paraplegia and 

arthritis? 

22. What does microscopic examinatin of the milk show? 

23. What changes are found by chemically testing the milk? 

24. Does normal milk contain any organized ferments? 

25. How late in an attack of purulent mastitis is resolution 

likely to occur? 



138 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

26. Is it ever complete? 

27. What are the symptoms of this disease? 

28. When is the lacteal flow likely to be reestablished? 

29. What is a retro-mammary abscess? 

30. Where are they liable to develop? 

31. Where do they usually open? 

32. What is the prognosis? 

33. How may conditions of this kind cause septic pneumonia? 

Gangrenous Inflammation of the Udder. — Page 451. 

1. What is mastitis gangrenosa? 

2. What animals are most subject to it? 

3. How did Nocard's experiment with it prove its infectious 

nature? 

4. How did the germ act on other animals than sheep? 

5. What does this fact tend to prove? 

6. How does mastitis gangrenosa begin? 

7. How does it afect the animal's appetite? 

8. How does it affect the animal's strength? 

9. How does it affect the animal's gait? 

10. What is the appearance of the udder? 

11. By what are these spots surrounded? 

12. Do they ever extend to the surrounding parts? 

13. What generalized disease becomes apparent? 

14. Does this condition ever prove fatal? 

15. If the necrotic process is limited, what is the result? 
10. Is septic metritis ever a complication? 

17. What is the prognosis of gangrenous mastitis? 

18. What steps should be taken to prevent spreading of the 

disease? 

19. When is the disease said to be peracute? 

20. How does it affect the body temperature? 

21. Why should the udder be kept empty? 

22. Of what does the oxygen treatment consist? 

23. When would injections of disinfecting fluids be indicated? 

24. What agents are suitable for this purpose? 

25. How are hot fomentations best applied? 

26. How can camphorated mercurous-iode ointment be used? 

27. At what stage is it indicated? 

28. How should abscesses be treated? 

29. When is amputation indicated? 



I40 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

30. When would partial amputation be sufficient? 

31. What is the technique of the latter? 

32. How does complete amputation differ from partial? 

33. How can hemorrhage be best controlled during the opera- 

34. What after treatment should the wound receive? 

35. What is the prognosis? 

Chronic CatarrhaLl Mammitis. — Page 455. 

1. What is the common termination? 

2. What is the cause? 

3. Is it infectious? 

4. What is the clinical appearance? 

5. How is it diagnosed? 

6. WTiat is the prognosis? 

7. What is the treatment? 

Tuberculosis and Actinomycosis of the Udder. — Page 455 

1. What are the symptoms of each? 

2. How are they diagnosed? 

3. What animals are subject to actinomycosis? 

4. In what two forms does it appear? 

5. What is the difference in the clinical appearance of acti- 

nomycosis and tuberculosis of the udder? 

6. What is the effect upon the milk? 

7. How should they be treated? 

8. What animals are subject to bothromycosis of the udder? 

9. What is the clinical appearance? 

10. How can the diagnosis confirmed? 

11. What is the prognosis? 

12. What is the technique of amputation of the mare's udder? 

Stenosis and Closure of the Mammary Duct. — Page 457. 

1. What prevents the involuntary escape of milk from the cow's 

teat? 

2. How is the meatus formed? 

3. How far from the end of the teat is the sphincter? 

4. What causes stenosis or closure of the milk duct? 



142 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

5. Is it ever congenital? 

6. Is it ever due to tumor formation? 

7. How do occluding membranes from in the upper part of the 

teat? 

8. How are these conditions diagnosed? 

9. What is a teat catheter or siphon? 

10. How are they made self retaining? 

11. What sterilization is necessary in their use? 

12. What is the teat bistoury, and how is it used? 

13. What is the result of amputating the end of the teat? 

14. When is this operation indicated? 

15. When will the involuntary milk flow cease? 

Tumors of the Udder. — Page 460. 

1. What animals suffer most from tumors on the teats and 

udder? 

2. ^Vhat class of tumor is most common? 

3. On what part of the udder do polypi form? 

4. In the udders of what animals has sarcoma been found? 

5. In the udders of what animals has carcinoma, enchondroma, 

and adenoma been found? 

6. In the udder of what animals are melonotic tumors seen? 

7. How should tumors of the udder be treated? 

8. What is the prognosis? 

Diseases of the Spinal Column a^nd Pelvis. — Page 463. 

1. What forms of fracture of the vertebrae are seen in the 

lower animals? 

2. How do they occur? 

3. Are they always manifested at the time the injury occurs? 

4. How does muscular contraction cause them? 

5. What conditions of the vertebrae predispose them to frac- 

ture? 

6. What are the symptoms? 

7. Are fractures of this region easily detected? 

8. Why do they generally cause paralysis? 

9. How are they differentiated from haemoglobinuria? 

10. What is the prognosis of vertebral fracture with paraylegia? 



144 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

Fractures of the Sacral and Ca^udaLl Vertebrae. — Page 468. 

1. What parts of these vertebrae are liable to fracture? 

2. What is the cause? 

3. What are the symptoms? 

4. How should they be treated? 

Curva-ture of the Spine. — Page 470. 

1. What is the most common form in the horse? 

2. What is the cause? 

3. W^hat is lordosis? 

4. What is kyphosis? 

5. What is skoliosis? 

G. What is kypho-skoliosis? 

7. What are the common causes of lardosis developing after 
birth? 

Fra.cture of the Pelvis. — Page 472. 



10 
11 

12 



14 
15 
16 



How may the pelvis of horses be fractured? 

What constitutes the pelvic girdle? 

At what points may fracture occur without its division? 

At what one of these points is fracture most common? 

Do fractures without division of the girdle ever cause lame- 
ness? 

What points of the pelvis are liable to be fractured that 
would divide the girdle? 

How may such fractures cause serious hemorrhage? 

How are they diagnosed? 

How does division of the girdle affect the position of the 
foot? 

How may crepitation be detected? 

What function of the leg is interfered with, if the fracture 
is in front of the cotyloid cavity? 

What if behind? 

What form of lameness is present, when the fracture 
involves the cotyloid cavity? 

In what kind of fractures of the pelvis is deformity noted? 

How may this form be diagnosed? 

In what part of the pelvis could fracture cause swelling in 
the region of the udder? 



1^6 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

17. How would fracture of the pelvis cause swelling of the 

vulva? 

18. Unusual mobility of the thigh is caused by fracture of what 

pa:ts of the osinnominatum? 

19. How can the diagnosis be confirmed? 

20. What is the prognosis in the various pelvic fractures? 

21. How should they be treated? 

22. When ere slings indicated? 

23. What condition may follow that will affect brood mares and 

cows? 

24. What is the probable time required for recovery? 

Diastasis or Luxation of the Sacro-iliac Articulation. 

Page 480. 

1. By what bones is this articulation formed? 

2. What kind of articulation is it? 

3. What ligaments hold it in position? 

4. Why is this accident rare in the horse? 

5. What is the difference in the ligamentous structure of this 

joint in the horse and ox? 

6. What physiological act is liable to produce luxation of this 

joint? 

7. How does it favor it? 

8. What are the symptoms? 

9. What effect is complete luxation liable to have on future 

delivery and defecation? 

10. What is the prognosis? 

11. What effect does luxation of the symphysis pubis have upon 

luxation of this joint? 

12. How is this luxation diagnosed? 

13. What is hygroma of the ischial tuberosity? 

14. What animals are subject to it? 

15. How should it be treated? 

Pa^raLlysis of the Hind Extremities. — Page 483. 

1. What is paralysis? 

2. What is paraplegia? 

3. What three sets of organs, either of which being diseased, 

may cause paralysis? 

4. How does undue pressure on a part cause paralysis? 

5. What pathological conditions may cause such pressure on 



148 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

the brain or cord? 

6. What form of paralysis is seen in haemoglobinnria? 

7. Do diseases of the kidneys ever primarily produce paralysis? 

8. What is pachymeningitis? 

9. What is leptomeningitis? 

10. What are the symptoms of complete paraplegia? 

11. What of incomplete? 

12. Why is it that reflex idditability is lost when the lesion is 

in or behind the lumbar but maintained if in front? 

13. What is ataxia? 

14. In incomplete paralysis, if atrophy of muscle appears, where 

would it indicate the lesion to be? 

15. Upon what does the prognosis depend? 

16. What would it be if due to concussion? 

17. What is the treatment? 

Disea-ses of the Ta-il. — Page 491. 

1. What animals are subject to accidental injuries to the tail? 

2. How are dogs' tails liable to be injured? 

3. How are oxen's? 

4. How are such injuries detected? 

5. How should they be treated? 

6. How if necrosed? 

7. What is rat-tail? 

8. How should it be treated? 

9. How does fracture of the sacrum and coccygeal bones cause 

paralysis of the tail? 

10. What other causes are given for such paralysis? 

11. How should tumors of the tail be treated? 

12. What is the technique of its amputation by shears? 

13. What by the flap operation? 

14. How may the hemorrhage be controlled in each? 

15. What is the after treatment in each? 

Necrosis of the Lumbo-DorsaLl FascioL. — Page 497. 

1. Where is this fascia located? 

2. What are the causes of its becoming necrotic? 

3. How should it be treated? 

4. What is the prognosis? 



I50 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

Diseases of the Fore Limb. 
Fractures of the Scapula. — Page 498. 

1. What are the causes? 

2. What part of the bone is most liable to be irjured? 

3. What is a comminuted fracture? 

4. What is a subcutaneous fracture? 

5. What is a simple fracture? 

fi. What is a compound fracture? 

7. How may each be diagnosed? 

8. Is crepitation usually distinct in fracture of the scapnhi'; 

9. What part of the bone might be broken without causing 

supporting-leg lameness? 

10. Why would swinging-leg lameness be pronounced, in fracture 

of scapular spine? 

11. Why is fracture of the neck of the scapula attended with 

excessive mobility of the foot? 

12. What is the prognosis of fracture of the scapula in horses? 

13. What in cattle? 

14. What in small animals? 

15. How should fracture of the scapular spine be treated? 

16. How should fracture of its neck be treated? 

17. How may the ribs be used as a splint? 

18. How may a new scapula be formed after necrosis of the 

original? 

Fra.ctures of the Humerus. — Page 501. 

1. What animals are subject to fractures of this bone? 

2. What part of the bone is liable to be broken? 

3. What is the diaphysis of a bone? 

4. How may fractures of the diaphysis of the humerus be 

recognized? 

5. In what direction does displacement occur, in fracture of 

the external condyle of the humerus of dogs? 

6. In what direction does the displacement occur if the internal 

one is fractured? 

7. What is the prognosis in fractures of the humerus? 

8. How would shortening of the humerus in quadrupeds affect 

the length of the leg? 

9. How should animals suffering from fracture of this bone be 

treated? 



152 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

Diseases of the Shoulder Joint. — Page 503. 

1. To which class of articulations does the shoulder joint be- 

long? 

2. How many ligaments hold it in position? 

3. What other structures act as binding ligaments to it? 

4. Is luxation of this articulation common in the lower ani- 

mals? 

5. What are the symptoms? 

6. What is the prognosis? 

7. How should they be reduced? 

8. How are anesthetics valuable in reducing fractures and dis- 

locations? 

9. What treatment should follow reduction? 

10. What are the symptoms of inflammation of this joint? 

11. What is the prognosis? 

12. How may it be wounded? 

13. Under what circumstances do we find spontaneous inflam- 

mation in the shoulder-joint? 

14. What is omarthitis? 

15. What is synostosis? 

16. How are wounds of the capsular ligament diagnosed? 

17. What is the prognosis of omarthritis? 

18. What is the prognosis of open shoulder-joint? 

19. How should the former be treated? 

20. What treatment is indicated if the joint is open? 

Ir\fIa.mn\action of the Biceps Bursa. — Page 507. 

1. What is bursitis intertubercularis? 

2. Where is this bursa situated? 

3. What groove and tendon does it supply? 

4. In what animals is it continuous with the shoulder-joint? 

5. What are the causes of its inflammation in horses? 

6. What is the probable termination of such bursal inflamma- 

tion? 

7. What are the symptoms? 

8. What is the prognosis? 

9. What are the symptoms of the chronic form? 

10. What is the prognosis? 

11. How should the acute form be treated? 

12. How should the chronic form be treated? 



154 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

Inflammation of the Tendon and Bursa, of the 
Postea Spinatus Muscle. — Page 510. 

1. Where is this bursa located? 

2. What is the name of the projection of bone that it bibri- 

cates? 

3. What is the action of the muscle? 

4. How is this tendon and muscle usually injured? 

5. What kind of lameness does it produce? 

6. Does it cause adduction or abduction? 

7. Is there pain and pressure over the region? 

8. Are heat and swelling often present? 

9. How should the inflammation be combated? 

10. In what stage should irritants be used? 

11. What kinds are indicated? 

12. How much rest should the horse have? 

13. What is the prognosis? 

14. Where is the suprascapular nerve located? 

15. What muscles does it energize? 

16. How may it be injured? 

17. What are the symptoms? 

18. What is the prognosis? 

19. How should such paralysis be treated? 

20. What conditions are liable to cause atrophy of the muscle? 

21. What treatment is then indicated? 

Paralysis of the Radial Nerve. — Page 513. 

1. Where is this nerve situated? 

2. What muscles does it inervate? 

3. What kind of lameness does paralysis of the radial nerve 

cause? 

4. Why is the supporting function deranged? 

5. Can weight be borne if the leg is passively extended? 

6. How does fracture of the first rib cause similar symptoms? 

7. What are the symptoms of incomplete radial paralysis? 

8. How does myopathic paralysis of the caput muscles corre- 

spond with radial paralysis? 

9. How does the faulty action of the shoulder-joint differ from 

that seen in suprascapular paralysis? 

10. What is the prognosis of radial paralysis? 

11. What is the treatment? 



156 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

Paralysis of the BraLchia.1 Plexus. — Page 519. 

1. What muscles are supplied by this plexus? 

2. What are the causes of its paralysis? 

3. What are the symptoms? 

4. Would the leg support weight if placed iu position? 

5. Upon what must the prognosis be based? 

6. Of what should the treatment consist? 

7. What would be the symptoms of cramp of the triceps 

muscles? 

Shoulder LdLmeness. — Page 521. 

1. What is understood by shoulder lameness? 

2. What structures are usually involved? 

3. What form of lameness is usually present? 

4. What are the chief points to be ascertained in making this 

kind of a diagnosis? 

5. Upon what does the prognosis depend? 

6. What treatment would be indicated? 

Disea^ses of the Elbow^ and Fore Arm. — Page 526. 

1. What animals are subject to fracture of the ulna? 

2. What are the causes? 

3. Why are the symptoms of fractures of the olecranon like 

those of radical paralysis? 

4. What are the symptoms if the fracture extends to the elbow 

joint? 

5. What is the prognosis if the fracture is above the radio- 

ulnar arch? 

6. How should fractures of this bone be treated? 

7. Why should the elbow be kept extended? 

Fractures of the Radius. — Page 528. 

1. What are the causes of fracture of the radius? 

2. In what animals is diagnosis difficult on account of the 

ulna? 

3. What are the symptoms? 

4. What is the prognosis in the horse? 



158 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

5. What in cattle? 

6. What in dogs? 

7. Why is a fracture of the diaphysis of the radius of the 

horse the most favorable fracture of the front leg to 
treat? 

8. What is the technique of reducing such fracture and of re- 

taining these bones in position? 

9. In fractures of the radius of a s'x year old ho:se, how long 

should the splints be kept on? 

10. How long on a six months' old dog? 

11. What is supination? 

12. How should large animals be kept quiet during treatment? 

13. How may the splints be prevented from slipping down? 

Luxation of the Elbow Joint. — Page 529. 

1. Can the elbow joint of the horse be dislocated without rup- 

ture of a lateral ligament? 

2. How is it diagnosed? 

3. How should it be treated? 

4. What is the prognosis? 

IrvflaLmmaLtion of the Elbow Joint. — Page 530. 

1. What animals are subject to this disease as a sequela to 

navel-ill? 

2. What other causes are there for it? 

3. How may injuries to the sheath of the flexor metacarpi ex- 

ternus affect it? 

4. What symptoms indicate that the joint is open? 

5. What is the prognosis of inflammation of this joint? 

6. What treatment is indicated if the joint is not opened? 

7. What if it is? 

Capped Elbow in the Horse. — Page 531. 

1. What form of bursa is found at the posterior surface of the 

elbow? 

2. What animals have this bursa? 

3. In what way is it often injured? 

4. What is the result of a bruise of this bursa? 

5. Vv^hat is the result of inflammation of the bursa? 



i6o INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

6. What is the result if hemorrhage occurs? 

7. What is the result if cocci enter it? 

8. How may parabursitis be established? 

9. What is the appearance if recently bruised? 

10. What is the appearance if the bursa be distended? 

11. What is the appearance if liberal plastic infiltration, with 

organization in the surrounding tissues, has taken 
place? 

12. If there be no infection or further bruise, what will become 

of the bursal fluid? 

13. If absorption takes place, what will become of the parabur- 

sitis? 

14. In what condition would reabsorption leave the skin? 

15. AVhat would be the result if repeatedly bruised? 

16. How may such bruises be inflicted? 

17. How may they be prevented? 

18. How should fresh injuries of this kind be treated? 

19. After inflammation has subsided how may thickenings be 

absorbed? 

20. When is opening indicated? 

21. What are the symptoms of purulent infection? 

22. How does the lining of the bursal sac prevent granulation? 

23. How may this membrane be destroyed? 

24. How may the tumor be removed by ligature? 

25. How by the elastic ligature? 

26. How should the surface be treated while the ligature is in 

position? 

27. How may the ligature be prevented from slipping off on 

account of the tumor having a large base? 

28. How should the wound be treated after the tumor has fallen 

off? 

29. What is the technique of enucleation of these tumors? 

30. What is the after-treatment? 

31. How is this condition developed in dogs? 

32. How do the symptoms in the dog differ from those in the 

horse? 

33. What is bursitis sero-fibrinosa? 

34. Why is it difficult to apply a ligature to this kind of a 

tumor on a dog? 

35. What is the technique of removal of this bursa in the dog? 

36. Is it essential that all the bursal membrane be removed? 



i62 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

37. What is the after treatment? 

38. What is the prognosis in the horse? 

39. What is the prognosis in the dog? 

40. What blood vessels are liable to be injured in operating at 

this point? 

41. How should the hemorrhage be controlled? 

Wounds and Bruises of the Fore Arm. — Page 536. 

1. What constitutes the forearm? 

2. If a cross section of the forearm was made at the middle 

of the radius, what structures would be cut through? 

3. Why is a horizontal wound of the forearm more trouble- 

some than a vertical one? 

4. Which is liable to leave the worst blemish? 

5. Why are wounds that penetrate the fascia of the forearm 

particularly troublesome? 

6. Why is a punctured wound more dangerous than an incised 

one? 

7. What kind of a muscle wound is likely to be followed by a 

gap in the muscle? 

8. When is suturing indicated in wounds of the forearm? 

9. What line of treatment is best adapted to prevent formation 

of scar-tissue? 

10. How should punctured wounds of this region be treated? 

11. Why is the removal of a piece of fascia or a cross section 

of its fibres essential? 

12. How should bruises of this region be treated? 

13. How should abscesses of this region be treated? 

14. How may the median nerve be injured? 

15. What are the symptoms? 

16. How should such an injury be treated? 

Diseases of the Knee. — Page 538. 

1. What bones form the frame- work of the carpus? 

2. What sets of articulations are formed by the carpal and ad- 

jacent bones? 

3. What ligaments bind these bones together? 

4. What bursae supply these articulations with synovia? 

5. What synovial sheaths are connected with the tendons about 

the joint? 



i64 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

G. Where is each located? 

7. What fascia is continued over the knee? 

8. To what does it attach externally? 

9. How is it arranged on the anterior surface? 

10. To what does it attach on the internal side? 

11. Where are subcutaneous bursae found? 

12. How may knowledge of the presence of these bursae mod- 

ify the diagnosis of wounds to this region? 

13. In what articulation does the principal flexion of the knee 

take place? 

14. Over what surface of the knee do the principal blood vessels 

pass? 

Fractures of Bones of the Knee. — Page 539. 

1. What bone of the knee is liable to be fractured from mus- 

cular contraction? 

2. Are the ligaments of this bone ever ruptured? 

3. How may other bones of this group be fractured? 

4. What are the symptoms cf such fractures? 

5. What is the prognosis? 

6. What is the treatment? 

Injuries to the Anterior Surface of the Knee. — Page 540. 

1. To what kind of injuries is the anterior surface of the 

horse's knee subject? 

2. What is meant by broken knee? 

3. What is the usual result of bruises of this region, without 

rupture of the skin? 

4. In an examination for soundness, of what significance are 

scars on the front of the knee? 

5. How may hygroma of the knee be produced? 

G. AVhat kind of a discharge would indicate a serious com- 
plication? 

7. What constitutional symptoms would be indicative of open 

bursa or joint? 

8. How should wounds of the knee, without complication of 

the bursa, be treated? 

9. What line of treatment would be indicated if the sheaths or 

joints be open? 



i66 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

10. How does limiting the movement of an open joint hasten 

recovery? 

11. How should hygroma of the knee be treated? 

12. How should abscesses about the knee be opened? 

13. What is the prognosis of broken knees? 

14. What is the technique of the operation for the removal of 

scar tissue from the knee? 

Tumors of the Knee In Ca.ttle. — Page 546. 

1. What three forms of enlargement are met with in the knees 

of cattle? 

2. How may such diseases be caused? 

3. In the cutaneous form, how are layers of horny tumors 

formed? 

4. What is the synovial form like? 

5. What is tendovaginitis chronica serosa? 

6. The tendons of what muscles are liable to be involved? 

7. What other tissues are involved? 

8. What specific disease is often the cause of the tendinous 

form? 

9. What is hygroma proliferum? 

10. What is tumor albus? 

11. In the articular variety, what tissues are involved? 

12. How does it effect the articulation? 

13. Are these tumors of slow or rapid growth? 

14. How should the cutaneous form be treated? 

15. How the synovial form? 

16. How the articular or hard form? 

17. What is the prognosis in each? 

Chronic InflaLmmation of the Knee Joint. — Page 549, 

1. What animals are most subject to chronic carpitis? 

2. What bones are likely to be involved in knee spavin? 

3. What class of horses are most susceptible? 

4. What are the symptoms? 

5. What are the symptoms shown in the gait? 

6. How is this form of lameness differentiated from shoulder 

lameness? 

7. Upon what does the prognosis depend? 



i68 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

8. How should it be treated? 

9. What neurectomy would relieve this kind of lameness? 

Infla.mma.tion of the Bursa of the Flexor Pedis. — Page 550. 

1. Where is this bursa located? 

2. What is the cause of acute inflammation of it? 

3. What is the cause of the chronic form? 

4. What is the result of the chronic form? 

5. What is the appearance of the distended shpath? 

6. Is lameness present in the chronic form? 

7. What is the technique of aspirating the sheath? 

8. What fluids may be injected into it? 

9. Of what value are compresses after aspirating? 

10. How should they be applied? 

11. How should the chronic thickening that remains be treated? 

12. What are the symptoms of the acute form? 

13. How should it be treated? 

14. What is the prognosis? 

15. What is the usual termination of purulent synovitis? 

Enlargement of Articular ?i.t\d Tendinous Synovial Cavi- 
ties in the Fore Limb. — Page 552. 

1. What three classes are mentioned? 

2. What are knee-galls? 

3. What articular capsule of the knee is liable to be distended? 

4. Where does the swelling appear? 

5. Where do fetlock galls appear? 

6. What structure is distended? 

7. Why do they disappear when the foot is raised? 

8. What sheath within the hoof can be so distended? 

9. Where is this distension manifested? 

10. What flexor tendon sheath may be distended at the knee? 

11. What are wind galls of the fetlock? 

12. What sheath is distended? 

13. Where do they appear? 

14. At what point below the fetlock may they appear? 

15. Where does distension of the following extensor tendons of 

the carpus occur: 1st, suffraginis; 2nd, pedis; 3rd, 
metacarpi mangus; 4th, metacarpi obliquus? 



I70 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

16. Describe the appearance and location of the distended bursa 

of the extensor pedis, at the fetlock. 

17. What is chronic synovitis? 

18. Does it cause lameness? 

19. Why is it accompanied by dropsy? 

20. What are the causes? 

21. What treatment is indicated? 

22. How do compresses affect a distended bursa? 

23. How are they assisted by aspiration? 

24. How is such chronic inflammation affected by cold appli- 

cations? 

25. How may it be treated by the cautery? 

26. How does blistering affect it? 

27. What is the radical treatment? 

28. Under what antiseptic precautions must the operation be 

performed? 

29. Where is the opening made? 

30. How can it be treated by setons? 

31. How by drainage tubes? 

32. What are the objections to the two last methods? 

33. How long should the bandage be left on after it has been 

opened? 

Diseases of the Meta.ca.rpus. — Page 560. 

1. What tissues would be cut through in amputating a horse's 

leg three inches below the carpus? 

2. How many metacarpal bones in the ox? 

3. How many in swine? 

4. How many in dogs? 

Fractures of the Metaccarpus. — Page 561. 

1. In what animals are all the metacarpal bones usually in- 

volved in a fracture? 

2. How do such fractures generally occur? 

3. How are the metacarpals of the smaller animals usually 

fractured? 

4. How should these fractures be treated in the horse? 

5. How in the dog? 

6. How in the ox? 

7. What is the prognosis in each? 



172 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

Wounds and Bruises of the Metacatrpus. — Page 562. 

1. Why are wounds of this region hard to treat? 

2. When is suturing of such wounds indicated? 

3. How should they be disinfected? 

4. When are adhesive plasters serviceable? 

5. How do compresses act to cause absorption, or to prevent 

formation of excessive granulation? 

6. What dry dressings are suitable for wounds of this region? 

7. What liquid dressings are serviceable? 

8. What condition of the dressing would indicate the neces- 

sity of a redressing? 

9. How should wounds of this region involving tendinous 

sheaths be treated? 

10. What dry dressing is indicated in open jo'nts and sheaths? 

11. When should such dressings be changed? 

12. How should bleeding be controlled? 

13. If bleeding be serious and horse restless, how can the hem- 

orrhage be temporarily controlled? 

14. In what part of this region are the flexor tendons enclosed 

in synovial sheaths? 

15. What special treatment does division of these tendons re- 

quire? 

16. How would a high heeled shoe and brace be serviceable? 

R.\ipture of the Flexor Tendons, a.nd Suspensory Ligek.- 

ment. — Page 565. 

1. What animals are liable to this accident? 

2. Under what circumstances does it usually occur? 

3. What condition of a tendon acts as a predisposing cause? 

4. By what structures are the perforatus and perforans con- 

verted into ligaments? 

5. What constitutes an inhibitory structure? 

6. What structures act in this capacity at the knee? 

7. What constitutes this apparatus at the fetlock? 

8. What are passive agents of support? 

9. What are active agents? 

10. What effect does rupture of the suspensory ligament have 

upon the fetlock and toe? 

11. How does rupture of the inferior sesamoidean ligaments 

affect them? 



174 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

12. How are they affected in rupture of the perforatus tendon? 

13. What would be the result if the perforans alone were rup- 

tured? 

14. What would be the result if all three of these structures 

were ruptured? 

15. W^hat is paratendineum? 

16. Why do tendons not unite so well when bisected through a 

synovial sheath? 

17. Under favorable circumstances, how long would it take for 

a ruptured perforans to unite? 

18. How may divided ends of tendons be approximated by 

shoeing? 
1.9. How would even pressure to parts be of service in wounds 
of the tendons? 

20. How may a brace be applied from the shoe to the leg, to 

prevent undue dorsal flexion? 

21. Would rupture of the suspensory call for different treat- 

ment? 

22. What is the prognosis, in rupture of these, if the tendon 

tissue be not diseased? 

23. How should they be treated? 

24. How is the iron splint of service here? 

25. How does division of the extensors correspond with the 

flexors, in gravity? 

InflammaLtion of the Flexor Tendons. — Page 570. 

1. What is tendinitis? 

2. What is a strain? 

3. What are the common causes of tendinitis? 

4. What form of tendon predisposes to it? 

5. Is the large size of the tendon positive assurance of its 

strength? 

6. What is the appearance of a strong tendon on palpation? 

7. How does prolonged rest affecttendons? 

8. How do severe constitutional diseases sometimes affect 

them? 

9. What form of fetlock increases the strain on the flexor ten- 

dons? 

10. How do low heels and long toes affect them? 

11. How does stepping on an elevation with the toe affect the 

flexors? 



176 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

12. Why do race horses and jumpers suffer most from this ac- 

cident? 

13. Why do draft horses suffer from this condition most in the 

hind leg? 

14. Why are the front limbs of riding and driving horses more 

liable to this accident than the hind ones? 

15. What strains are classed as passive strains? 

16. What ones are classed as active? 

17. Which flexor tendon is most likely to suffer from the for- 

mer? 

18. Are the check ligaments ever involved in strain? 

19. Which tendon sometimes suffers from bruises? 

20. What portion of a tendon is usually involved in tendinitis 

following constitutional disease? 

21. What parasite has been found in the suspensory ligament 

of the horse? 

22. What form of tendinitis causes the most severe lameness? 

23. How severe is lameness from inflammation of the suspen- 

sory ligament? 

24. Is lameness always present at the time of the accident? 

25. What form of lameness dees it cause? 

26. In this disease, what position is the fetlock usually placed 

in during rest? 

27. What are the local symptoms? 

28. Is the swelling perceptible? 

29. In what shape should the leg be held to examine the ten- 

dons? 

30. What effect does chronic inflammation have upon the length 

of a tendon? 

31. What effect does contraction of the inhibitory apparatus of 

the fetlock have upon the position of that joint? 

32. How may contraction be differentiated from inflammation 

without contraction? 

33. How does contraction of the perforans affect the position 

of the fetlock? 

34. How does it affect the position of the heel? 

35. How does contraction of the suspensory ligament affect the 

fetlock? 

36. How does it affect the heel? 

37. How does contraction of the perforatus affect the fetlock? 

38. How does it affect the heel? 



178 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

39. How differentiate between contraction of the perforatus 

and suspensory ligament? 

40. Do these structures ever stretch without rupture of fibres? 

41. How does inflammation of a tendon cause it to contract? 

42. How does the direction of the fibres in a contracted tendon 

differ from those of the normal? 

43. What is the prognosis of such inflammation, if properly 

treated before contraction occurs? 

44. Do the ruptured fibres ever regain their normal strength? 

45. If resorption completely removes the swelling, will the ten- 

don be normally strong? 

46. At what point of the flexors is strain the most serious? 

47. How does contraction of the perforatus affect the animal's 

usefulness? 

48. Why are the chances of recovery lessened when the disease 

is bilateral? 

49. What pathological condition can be benefited by tenotomy? 

50. What is the cause of a tendinitis that frequently changes its 

location? 

Treatment. — Page 576. 

1. Is rest important? 

2. W^hen are cold applications indicated? 

3. How may they be applied? 

4. How should warm applications following the cold be ap- 

plied? 

5. How is pressure beneficial? 
G. How should it be applied? 

7. How often should warm, m.oist compresses be changed? 

8. Is it necessary to have the pressure even over the entire 

surface? 

9. When should massage be used? 

10. Why should the diseased tendon be rubbed upward? 

11. When would such rubbing be contra-indicated? 

12. How does the success of this method compare with the for- 

mer antiphlogistic methods? 

13. How may adhesive blister plasters be used? 

14. When are blister ointments indicated? 

15. How should they be applied? 

16. When is firing indicated? 

17. What form of firing is best suited here? 



i8o INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

18. How long should the animal rest? 

19. What form of shoe is indicated in these conditions? 

20. What part of the inhibitory apparatus is relieved by high- 

heeled shoes? 

21. When is tenotomy indicated? 

22. Does contraction of the perforans and perforatus ever cause 

buck knees? 

23. What is the cause of buck knees? 

24. Where is the field of operation for tenotomy of the per- 

forans? 

25. How should it be prepared? 

26. Why is antisepsis of particular importance in tenotomy? 

27. What is the technique of this operation on the perforans? 

28. How should the wound be dressed? 

29. When should the dressing be removed? 

30. If adhesions are present, how may they be broken down? 

31. How long does it require new tendon tissue to form, and 

be strong enough to support the weight of the animal? 

32. Can this operation be performed under local anaethesia, 

without casting? 

33. Is it important that the fetlock descend to its normal po- 

sition? 

34. Is it important that weight be kept on the limb after teno- 

tomy? 

35. What attention should the foot receive? 

3G. When both tendons are divided, how may injury to the 

supensory ligament be prevented? 
37. When would median neurectomy be indicated in tendinitis? 

Knuckling Over in Foals. — Page 582. 

1. Foals of what age are subject to this condition? 

2. What is the cause? 

3 What are the results, if not remedied? 

4. What are the symptoms? 

5. What is the prognosis? 

f). How should such conditions be treated? 

7. What is pes equinus of man? 

8. How should knuckling over in colts, not congenital, be 

treated? 



i82 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

Splints.— Page 586. 

1. "What are splints? 

2. How are the splint bones attached to the great metacarpal? 

3. By what process do they unite? 

4. At what age does this bony union usually occur? 

5. What circumstances tend to hasten it? 

6. Is the union of these bones a physiological or a pathologi- 

cal condition? 

7. Does their union always cause lameness? 

8. What two stages of splints are recognized? 

9. In what stage is lameness present? 

10. Where does the inflammatory process start? 

11. What causes the exostosis to form? 

12. Why is it so largely confined to the internal side? 

13. Why is it m.ore frequent in the fore than the hind leg? 

14. When appearing in the hind leg. why is it usually on the 

outside? 

15. Why are only perissodactyla affected? 

16. Under what circumstances will splint lameness remain, after 

the inflammatory stage has subsided? 

17. Why is splint lameness rare after horses are seven years 

old? 

18. What two etiological classes are recognized? 

19. How may they be differentiated? 

20. According to Moller, what three conditions cause splint 

lameness? 

21. Does the exostosis ever cause lameness by interfering with 

the suspensory ligament? 

22. In what gaits is splint lameness most marked? 

23. What form of lameness does it cause? 

24. Why is the first half of the stride shortened? 

25. Why is it more manifest in a trot than a walk? 

26. How does the tension of the fascia of the forearm affect it? 

27. How does this affect the advancement of the opposite foot? 

28. When is abduction and circumduction most marked? 

29. What is the cause of the circumduction? 

30. What is revealed by local examination? 

31. Is a visible splint positive evidence of splint lameness? 

32. Is the absence of a splint positive evidence that the lame- 

ness is not due to a splint? 



i84 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

33. How can a defferentiation be made? 

34. How should the leg be held to examine the splint seat? 

35. On what kind of roads is splint lameness most manifest? 
26. When is the prognosis unfavorable? 

37. How should splint-lame horse be shpd? 

38. When would cold applications be indicated in its treat- 

ment? 

39. When is blistering indicated? 

40. When is firing indicated? 

41. How should the actual cautery be applied? 

42. Is spontaneous recovery common? 

43. When would splints constitute unsoundness? 

44. How does a lead compress produce resorption of an exos- 

tosis? 

45. AV^iat are sore shins? 

46. AVhat are the causes? 

47. AVhat are the symptoms? 

48. What is the treatment? 

49. What is a speedy bruise? 

50. How should one be treated? 

Diseases of the Phalanges. — Page 592. 

1. What constitute the phalanges in solipeds? 

2. Of what do they consist in ruminants? 

3. Of what in the pig? 

4. Of what in the carnivora? 

5. What ligaments unite the bones that form the fetlock in 

the horse? 

6. How are its synovial structures arranged? 

7. What ligaments unite the bones that form the pastern 

joint? 

8. Where is the glenoid cartilage located? 

9. What ligaments insert to it? 

10. How is the synovial structure of the pastern joint arranged? 

11. What ligaments bind the bones of the distal phalangeal ar- 

ticulation together? 

12. How is the synovial apparatus of this joint arranged? 

13. What is the plantar aponeurosis? 

14. What constitutes the navicular sheath? 

15. WhaX: the sesamoidean sheath? 



i86 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

1C. What are the locations and distributions of the plantar 

nerves? 

3 7. What is their relation? 

18. How are the arteries of the metacarpal region arranged? 

19. How are the veins arranged? 

20. How are the arteries arranged from the fetlock to the foot? 

21. What is the venous arrangement of that region? 

Luxation of the Phala.nges. — Page 594. 

1. Does luxation of these articulations of the larger animals 

ever occur without rupture of ligaments? 

2. What is the prognosis of such dislocations with extensive 

rupture? 

Spra.irv of the Corona.ry Joint. — Page 596. 

1. What defective formations favor this accident? 

2. How do slips tend to cause such strains? 

3. What are the symptoms? 

4. Does lameness appear suddenly? 

5. What inflammatory symptoms are present? 

6. What may be learned by rotating the foot? 

7. What form of lameness is it likely to produce? 

8. How can injuries to the pastern and pedal joints be differ- 

entiated? 

9. What is the probable course of such strains? 

10. How does strain differ from rupture? 

11. How are strains liable to affect a part permanently? 

12. How may strain of ligaments lead to exostosis? 

13. What is hydrops articuli? 

14. How can this condition be caused by a strain? 

15. What is hemarthrosis? 

16. What peculiar sound is heard on motion, when hemarthro- 

sis is present? 

17. What is the common termination of hemarthrosis? 

18. What is the prognosis? 

19. What is the fundamental principle in the treatment of 

strains? 

20. What is the usual outcome of a strain when marked symp- 

toms of pain immediately follow? 



i88 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

21. Why is the condition usually serious when the pain and 

sweling are severe at the end of the first or second day? 

22. How may rest of a single joint be enforced? 

23. Of what should the dressing consist for the first three days? 

24. Under what circumstances should this application be con- 

tinued? 

25. When are absorbents, such as mercury, indicated? 

26. When are warm, moist applications indicated? 

27. When and why is pressure serviceable? 

28. When is firing needed? 

Fractures of the Phalanges. — Page 599. 

1. What is the difference between fissure and fracture of bone? 

2. Which of the phalanges of the horse are most liable to be 

broken? 

3. Where more than one bone is fractured at once, what is the 

probable predisposing cause? 

4. What is the usual cause of fissures? 

5. What of fractures? 

6. How are complete fractures diagnosed? 

7. How are fractures of one side of the articular end deter- 

mined? 

8. How may fissures be differentiated from strains? 

9. In what position should the limb be held to examine this 

region? 

10. What are the causes of fracture of the os pedis? 

11. How are these fractures diagnosed? 

12. How soon after fractures of the bones within the hoof could 

increased pulsation of the digital arteries be noticed? 

13. What is the prognosis of fissure of these bones? 

14. What of fracture? 

15. What form of fracture is most favorable? 

16. In what aged animals are fractures most likely to recover? 

17. Could such accidents be said to recover when permanent 

lameness follows? 

18. In what class of horses are such fractures most amenable 

to treatment? 

19. How does the prognosis of fractures of the os coronae com- 

pare with those of the suffraginis? 

20. Why are fractures of the os pedis more favorable? 



190 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

21. What is the chief danger to the opposite foot, during the 

treatment of such disease? 

22. What is the prognosis of compound fractures of these 

bones? 

23. How should fractures of this region be treated? 

24. How are plaster bandages prepared? 

25. How are paste or starch bandages applied? 

26. What advantages has the starch over the plaster? 
?7. What is the formula for Slolz' ointment dressing? 

28. How may lameness following fiacture be relieved? 

29. Under what circumstances are slings indicated? 

30. Why is it often better to permit horses to lie down than to 

keep them in slings? 

Ring-Bone.— Page 605. 

1. What is ring-bone? 

2. What is articular ring-bone? 

3. How does arthritis chronica differ from arthritis chronica 

deformans? 

4. What is periarticular ring-bone? 

5. How may strain of ligaments produce this form? 

6. What is rachitic ring-bone? 

7. Does this form cause lameness? 

8. What is traumatic ring-bone? 

9. What kind of traumatisms is liable to produce it? 

10. Why is the coronet joint so subject to disease? 

11. Is ring-bone always confined to the region of the inter-pha- 

langeal articulation? 

12. Is exostosis ever hereditary? 

13. What are the symptoms of ringbone? 

14. How does the periarticular form differ from the articular 

in appearance? 

15. What causes the lameness in the periarticular form? 

IG. What normal conditions of the os corona may be mistaken 
for ring-bone? 

17. At what part of the step is the pain most manifest in the 

weight bearing leg? 

18. What can be determined by passive rotation and flexion? 

19. What is the best position from which to inspect this re- 

gion for enlargements? 



192 



INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 



20. What is the prognosis of articular ring-bone? 

21. What of the periarticular? 

22. What of an exostosis entirely removed from the joint? 

23. What form of ring-bone would be liable to develop from 

strain of the posterior ligaments of the pastern joint? 

24. How should a horse afflicted with ring-bone be shod? 

25. How do long toes affect ring-bone? 

26. Why is it important to keep an even distribution of weight 

on the foot? 

27. When would lowering the heels be detrimental? 

28. When would blistering be indicated? 

29. When would firing be indicated? 

30. What form of firing would be suitable? 

31. AVhen would neurectomy be indicated? 

Pla-nta-r Neurectomy. — Page 614. (Williams, Page 137.) 

1. What two important points should be determined before re- 

sorting to neurectomy? 

2. What is neurectomy? 

3. What is neurotomy? 

4. Should either of these operations be performed during a 

febrile condition of the parts, beyond the point of nerve 
division? 

5. What conditions of the foot would contra-indicate neurec- 

tomy? 

6. From what kind of service should a neurectomised horse 

be exempt? 

7. What is plantar neurectomy? 

8. What is digital neurectomy? 

9. How do they differ in effect upon the foot? 

10. What is the necessary preparation of the field of operation? 

11. Where should the incision be made in plantar neurectomy? 

12. How should it be made? 

13. What antiseptic precautions should be taken? 

14. How should the hemorrhage be controlled during the oper- 

ation? 

15. How can the nerve be distinguished from neighboring ves- 

sels? 

16. How should it be secured after it is exposed? 

17. Why should the nerve be divided on the central side of the 

Incision, first? 



194 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

18. How much of it should be removed? 

19. How should the wound be closed? 

20. How should It be treated after the operation? 

Digital Neurectoray. — (Williams, Page 132.) 

1. Where is the incision made to divide the digital nerve? 

2. Why is this a safer operation than plantar neurectomy? 

3. What bad effects are liable to follow complete permanent 

anaesthesia of the foot? 

4. What is the cause of degeneration of the tissues after neu- 

rectomy? 

5. How should the animal be secured for this operation? 

6. How may it be performed v/ithout casting the animal? 

7. How can local anaesthesia be obtained without injecting the 

drug at the point of operation? 

8. Is complete cessation of lameness always manifest immedi- 

ately after the operation? 

9. When is digital neurectomy indicated? 

Median Neurectomy. — Page 616. (Williams, Page 141.) 

1. When is median neurectomy indicated? 

2. From what source is the median nerve derived? 

3. What is its course? 

4. What is its distribution? 

5. What are the relaxations of the median nerve at the prox- 

imal end of the radius? 

6. What is its direction as it passes this point? 

7. When it is divided on a level with the elbow, how much of 

the sensation of the. foot is destroyed? 

8. Where should the incision be made in median neurectomy? 

9. In which direction does it lie, from the radial tuberosity to 

which the lateral ligament of the elbow joint is at- 
tached? 

10. How should the animal be secured for this operation? 

11. How should the leg be kept in position? 

12. How large an incision should be made through the skin? 

13. What muscle must be cut through beneath the skin? 

14. What kind of an incision should be made in the antibrachial 

fascia? 



196 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

15. How may the nerve be located by palpation, both before 

and after the skin incision? 

16. How should the hemorrhage be controlled? 

17. How should the nerve be secured? 

18. What veins are liable to be injured? 

19. What kind of an instrument should be used to raise the 

nerve, to avoid piercing the veins? 

20. How should the nerve be divided? 

21. How should the wound be closed? 

22. What after-treatment should it receive? 

23. How much rest should the horse have after the operation? 

Ulnar Neurectoiny. — Page 621. (Williams, Page 147.) 

1. What is ulnar neurectomy? 

2. What is the source of the ulnar nerve? 

3. What is its course? 

4. What are its relaxations in the antibrachial region? 

5. What is its distribution? 

6. What tissues would be anaestehtized if the ulnar nerve 

were cocained six inches above the trapezium? 

7. What tissues would be anaesthetized by cocaining the me- 

dian at the elbow, and the ulna at the above mentioned 
point? 

8. Where should the incision be made in ulnar neurectomy? 

9. What tissues would be cut through, to reach this nerve? 

10. What is the technique of the operation after the incision is 

made? 

11. How should the animal be controlled? 

12. If cocained, where should it be injected? 

13. What strength of cocaine is required? 

14. What vessels are liable to be injured at this point? 

15. What after-treatment does this operation require? 

Inflammation of the Posterior Ligaments of the Coronet 

Joint. — Page 622. 

1. What forms the inhibitory or limiting apparatus of the 

pastern joint? 

2. What similarity in function exists between the suspensory 

ligament and posterior ligaments of the pastern? 

3. How may the posterior ligaments of the coronet joint be in- 

jured? 



igS INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

4. What are the symptoms of their injury? 

5. How can these injuries be differentiated from diseases of 

other limiting structures of the phalangeal articulations? 

6. How does this lesion compare in frequency with others of 

this region? 

7. How may it be differentiated from navicular disease? 

8. How would it affect the pulsations of the digital arteries? 

9. Which feet are most often involved? 

10. Is the lameness of sudden origin? 

11. How should it be treated? 

12. What kind of treatment do the feet need? 

13. When would blistering be indicated? 

14. When would firing? 

15. What kind of firing would be suitable? 

16. What is the prognosis? 

Fra-ctures of the Sesamoid Bones. — Page 625. 

1. How may these bones be fractured? 

2. In what direction does the fracture usually occur? 

3. What conditions predispose to such accidents? 

4. What are the symptoms of such fractures? 

5. What is the prognosis? 

6. If treatment is attmepted, along what lines should it be di- 

rected? 

Sesa.moid La-meness.— Page 624. 

1. What parts of the sesamoids are subject to inflammation? 

2. What disease of the flexors may produce it? 

3. What pathological changes may occur? 

4. What are the causes of the acute form? 

5. What are the causes of the chronic form? 

6. What are the symptoms of the acute? 

7. What are the symptoms of the chronic? 

8. In the latter, in what position is the fetlock joint held? 

9. How is it affected by work and '^est? 

10. Is it liable to terminate in ankylosis? 

11. What is the prognosis? 

12. How should it be treated? 



200 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

Ossification of the Lateral Ca-rtilagc—Page 628. 

1. What consttutes side-bones? 

2. Where are the lateral cartilages located? 

3. To what bone are they attached? 

4. What is their function? 

5. What animals possess them? 

6 What are the causes of their ossification? 

7. How can pathological changes in them be detected? 

8. In what part of the cartilage does ossification begin? 

9. Do both cartilages always become involved? 

10. What form of lameness does it cause? 

11. Which feet are usually involved? 

12. What class of horses are most often affected? 

13. How may the diagnosis be proven by palpation? 

14. At what period of the ossification is the lameness most 

marked? 

15. How do dry, hard hoofs affect the lameness ? 

16. Does ossifcation of these cartilages constitute unsoundness? 

17. What are the causes? 

18. What is the prognosis? 

19. What causes the lameness after ossofication is complete? 

20. How may they be treated to relieve pressure? 

21. How should the horse be shod? 

22. When would firing and blistering be indicated? 

Fractures of the Navicular Bone. — Page 632. 

1. What are the causes of fracture of the navicular? 

2. What disease of this region predisposes to its fracture? 

3. What kinds of traumatisms are liable to fracture it? 

4. What are the symptoms? 

5. How is it differentiated from navicular disease? 

6. What is the prognosis? 

7. How should fracture of the navicular be treated when 

due to nail prick? 

Na-vicula-r Disea^se. — Page 633. 

1. What Is podotrochilitis? 

2. Where is the bursa podotrochlearis? 

3. Is navicular disease an acute or chronic disease? 



202 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

4. Where is its seat? 

5. What structures are affected? 

6. In which of these structures does the disease originate? 

7. What pathological changes occur in the bone when it is 

involved? 

8. What form of ostitis does it cause? 

9. How does rarefying inflammation affect a bone? 

10. How does the inflammation affect the ligaments attached 

to it? 

11. Is the upper surface of the bone ever affected? 

12. Is this disease ever an arthritis? 

13. What is the appearance of the synovial structures when 

the disease originates in the bursa podotrochlearJs? 

14. What are the pathological changes in the tendon, when 

it is the primary seat of disease? 

15. Why is it so easily injured beneath the bone? 

16. In what way may the disease be hereditary? 

17. What class of horses are most susceptible to it? 

18. Why are the front feet most often attacked? 

19. How does an upright pastern cause increased pressure on 

the navicular bone? 

20. What point in the flexor tendons receive the increased 

strain caused by the foot being kept back of a perpen- 
dicular line? 

21. What effect do low heels, high toes, or stepping on an an 

elevation with the toe have upon the navicular region? 

22. How may rheumatism affect these structures? 

23. How would frequent raising and lowering of the heels in 

shoeing be liable to affect them? 

24. What kind of roads tend to produce navicular disease? 

25. Is it ever caused by bruises? 

26. When it follows such disease as influenza what is its na- 

ture? 

27. Is it often bilateral? 

27. Is the lameness manifested suddenly or gradually? 

29. Is it continuous or intermittent? 

30. . In traveling, what part of the foot is brought to the 

ground first? 

31. Which part of the stride is shortened? 

32. If bilateral, what kind of a gait is produced? 

33. Which does it cause, supporting or swinging leg lameness? 



204 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

34. In what position is the foot held when standing? 

35. What effect does long rest have on it? 

36. How does pressure over the joint affect it? 

37. How would it be affected by a bar shoe? 

38. How by a high-heeled shoe? 

39. How can it be differentiated from inflammation of the pos- 

terior ligaments of the coronet joint? 

40. How would the pulsations in the digital arteries be af- 

fected? 

41. Why is atrophy of the frog and contraction of the heels 

accompanying symptoms? 

42. What is the characteristic shape of the foot in cases of long 

standing? 

43. Why does the coronary band seem swollen? 

44. Why does the pastern become upright? 

45. How does it produce muscular atrophy? 

46. In cases of long standing, what group of muscles becomes 

atrophied? 

47. How is the shape of the feet and atrophy of the muscles 

affected by neurectomy? 

48. How may cocaine be used to advantage in diagnosing this 

disease? 

49. What would be the probable result of ankylosis of the ten- 

don and navicular bone? 

50. Why does the perforans tendon frequently rupture after 

neurectomy? ( 

Differential Dia^gnosis ak.nd Treatment of NcLvicula-r 

Disea^se. — Page 641. 

1. How does navicular disease differ from contracted sole? 

2. How from curving in of the heels? 

3. How from sprain of the posterior ligaments? 

4. How may it be distinguished from lameness caused by 

thrush? 

5. How does is differ from sesamoidean lameness? 

6. Upon what does the prognosis depend? 

7. What antiphlogistic treatment can be applied to advantage? 

8. What kind of pasture is recommended? 

9. How should the feet be pared? 

10. How should they be shod? 

11. Are frog setons of any value? 



2o6 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

12. How are they applied? 

13. Through what tissues are they passed? 

14. Is rest essential? 

15. Is destruction of the bursa podotrochlearis ever followed by 

complete recovery? 

16. What form of neurectomy is indicated in navicular disease? 

17. When should neurectomy be resorted to? 

DermaLtiiis in the Fetlock Region. Mvid Fever. Cracked 
Heels. Grea^se. — Page 644. 

1. What three characteristics are common to all of these dis 

eases? 

2. What four varieties are mentioned by Moller? 

3. What are the general characteristics of the three first? 

4. Which form is recognized in England as true grease? 

5. What is dermatitis? 

What is dermatitis erythematosa? 

6. In what colored animals is erythema most perceptible? 

7. What kind of skin is most likely to be affected? 

8. What is the apearance of the parts in this condition? 

9. What portion of the skin becomes involved ? 

10. What are the causes? 

11. What is the prognosis? 

12. What treatment is indicated? 

13. What would be the probable termination if neglected, or 

irritation continued? 

14. What is eczema? 

15. What is dermatitis eczematosa? 

IG. Why is it sometimes called mud fever? 

17. Is this condition always associated with redness and swell- 

ing? 

18. Does it always produce lameness? 

19. When is the lameness most marked? 

20. What is the character of the discharge? 

21. What is the cause of the brownish crusts on the parts? 

22. Why does the horse raise the leg so high when made to 

move? 

23. What constitutes the papillary stage? 

24. What the vesicular stage? 

25. What the weeping stage? 
2G. What the squamous stage? 



2o8 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

27. What does the squamous stage indicate? 

28. What time is required for a typical case to pass through 

all the stages to recovery? 

29. What complication may arise during this time? 

30. What are the causes? 

31. What three forms of irritation may produce it? 

32. How may shoeing act as a mechanical cause? 

33. How may washing the legs cause it? 

34. How may the sun produce it? 

35. How may muddy roads cause it? 

36. What chemical irritants are liable to cause it? 

37. What is the prognosis if properly and timely treated? 

38. What is the prognosis if masses of horny scar-tissue form? 

39. Why is it necessary to rest the animal during treatment? 

40. What amount of washing is useful? 

41. What astringent wash should be used? 

42. How may thoform, dermatol and other formic acid prep- 

arations be used? 

43. What form of mercurial ointment is useful? 

44. How may oxide of mercury ointment be used? 

45. How should blue ointment be used? 

46. How can excessive inflammation be best controlled? 

47. How may excessive granulations be reduced? 

48. After these are destroyed, how should the wound be treated? 

49. How may excessive cicatricail tissue be removed by opera- 

tion? 

Dermatitis Gangrenosa. — Page 649. 

1. What is the nature of this form? 

2. What kind of weather is most favorable for it? 

3. Why do slight injuries about the extremities so often lead 

to septic processes? 

4. What are the general causes? 

5. How might the farrier's knife be the means of infection? 

6. Is the attack sudden? 

7. What are the earlier symptoms? 

8. How does the degree of lameness compare with the apparent 

lesion? 

9. What condition of the skin may be found on close examin- 

ation? 
10. What kind of a discharge is seen in moist gangrene? 



210 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

11. What parts of the extremities are subject to such attacks? 

12. Is extensive sloughing liable to occur? 

13. How may the lateral cartilages be involved? 

14. In what way may serious hemorrhage be developed? 

15. How piay the disease affect the tendinous sheaths and 

joints ? 

16. What is septic intoxication? 

17. What are its symptoms? 

18. How does it differ from generalized septicaemia? 

19. How does it cause loss of hoof? 

20. When is prognosis favorable? 

21. What is the prognosis, if tendinous sheaths or joints are 

involved? 

22. What if septic intoxication is present? 

23. What general line of treatment is indicated? 

24. How should charcoal be prepared and applied to such 

wounds? 

25. When is actual cautery indicated? 

26. How should it be applied? 

27. What does pus around the edges of a gangrenous wound in- 

dicate? 

28. How should fistulous tracts following slough be treated? 

29. What treatment should the wounds receive after the dead 

tissue has sloughed away? 

30. What is the prognosis? 

Dermatitis Chronica Verrucosa..— Page 652. 

1. W^hat condition of the skin does this name signify? 

2. What is the general appearance? 

3. What kind of odor is always present in grease? 

4. In the rete mucosum proliferation, does the cell become 

horny? 

5. When ihe proliferation is less rapid, what kind of mass is 

formed on the skin? 

6. What is the result of cell proliferation in the papillae? 

7. What is the result of subcutis infiltration? 

8. How does the disease affect the hair follicles? 

9. Which legs are most often involved? 

10. What breed of horses is most often affected? 

11. Does the eczematous form ever develop into the verrucous? 

12. Is it ever due to specific organism? 



212 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

13. Which of the two forms, dry or moist, offers the most favor- 

able prognosis? 

14. What line of treatment should be followed? 

15. How should large warts be removed? 

16. What may be gained by antiseptic poultices? 

17. How should they be made? 

18. What is Dalrymple's treatment? 

Injuries to the Muscles a^nd FaLciae of the Qua.rter. 

Page 655. 

1. How may the muscles and fasciae of the quarter be injured? 

2. What are the symptoms? 

3. Why are punctured wounds of this region dangerous? 

4. How should ruptures of muscles and fasciae be treated? 

5. How should punctured wounds of the fasciae be treated? 
G. Hov/ many are hematoma, without wound, be treated? 

7. How treat hygroma? 

8. What treatment should skin wounds of this region receive? 

9. What different treatment would a deep one require? 

10. How are wounds that cannot be healed by primary union 

benefited by suturing? 

11. What is the prognosis of muscular rupture? 

12. What condition is likely to follow rupture of the fasciae? 

Fracture of the Femur. — Page 657. 

1. What are the causes of such fractures in the horse? 

2. How may they occur in casting? 

3. In what animals is the neck of the femur liable to be frac- 

tured? 

4. Why is it rare in the horse and ox? 

5. Are the trochanters ever fractured? 
G. Are the condyles? 

7. What are the symptoms of fracture of the former? 

8. What is the prognosis in the horse? 

9. What in the ox? 

10. What in small animals? 

11. What effect would the shortening of the femur have upon 

the length of the leg? 

12. How should fractures of the femur be treated? 



214 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

Luxa.tioi\ of the Femur. — Page 66i. 

1. Is is possible for complete luxation of the femur of the horse 

to occur, without rupture of ligaments? 

2. What are the symptoms of such luxations? 

3. What is the prognosis in the large animals? 

4. What in the small animals? 

5. How may they be reduced? 

Inflammation of the Hip Joint. — Page 665. 

1. What is coxitis? 

2. What kind of articulation is the hip joint? 

8. What are the ligaments of the coxo-femoral articulation? 

4. Is disease of this joint common? 

5. Are the capsular and round ligaments ever ruptured? 

6. What are the symptoms of coxitis? 

7. In cattle so affected, how is the diseased limb extended? 

8. What kind of gait is present? 

9. How is the animal affected, when turning on the diseased 

limb? 

10. What is the prognosis? 

11. How should it be treated? 

Inflammation of the Tendon and Bursa of the Gluteus 
Medius Muscle. — Page 666. 
(Gluteus Maximus of Strangeway.) 

1. Where do the tendons of the gluteus medius insert? 

2. What is its action? 

3. Where is the trochanteric bursa? 

4. How may this bursa and tendon be injured? 

5. How may the bursa be bruised? 

6. How may the tendon be injured in rising from a decubital 

position? 

7. If chronic tendinitis exists, what would be the probable ter- 

mination? 

8. If bursitis supervenes, how would it be liable to affect the 

bone? 

9. Upon what does the prognosis depend? 

10. What are the symptoms? 

11. What kind of gait does it cause? 



2i6 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

12. If the bursa is involved, what is the physical appearance of 

the region? 

13. Where is the seat of the lesion, if there is muscular atrophy? 

14. Under what circumstances and how can crepitation be de- 

tected? 

15. How should recent cases be treated? 

16. If atrophy is present, how should it be treated? 

17. When would firing be indicated? 

18. What kind would be appropriate? 

19. How long should the animal rest? 

20. What is the prognosis? 

Paralysis of the Hind Limb. — Page 667. 

1. What muscles are supplied by the anterior gluteal nerve? 

2. What is its source and course? 

3. What muscles are supplied by the posterior gluteal nerve? 

4. What by the great sciatic? 

5. What are supplied by the anteriar crural (crural by Strange- 

way) ? 

6. What is its source and course? 

7. What muscles are supplied by the obturator nerve? 

8. What are the symptoms of paralysis of the gluteal nerves? 

9. In what parts would m^otor power be lost if the great sciatic 

was paralyzed? 

10. What are the symptoms of paralysis of the external pop- 

liteal? 

11. Why does this form produce supporting-leg lameness? 

12. What are the symptoms of paralysis of the crural nerve? 

13. What would be the effect of paralysis of the internal popli- 

teal or tibial? 

14. How would the symptoms of paralysis of the tibial and great 

sciatic differ? 

15. What are the causes of paralysis? 

16. What is the prognosis? 

17. What is the treatment? 

18. How is hemoglobinuria said to produce crural paralysis? 

19. Is it true that muscular atrophy and loss of function can 

scarcely be expected to follow a purely muscular disease? 

20. How differentiate between crural paralysis, rupture of the 

crural muscles, fracture of the patella and rupture of its 
straight ligaments? 



2i8 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

Thrombosis of the Posterior Aorta.. -Page 677. 

1. What is aneurism? 

2. What is thrombus? 

3. What is an embolus? 

4. How does thrombus of an artery interfere with muscle func- 

tion? 

5. From what vessels are aneurismal products said to float 

backward and occlude those of the pelvic limb? 

6. When arterial supply to a muscle is obstructed, why is the 

function of the muscle disturbed, only after considerable 
exercise? 

7. What condition would modify the amount of exercise neces- 

sary to produce lameness? 

8. What are the symptoms of thrombosis of the posterior 

aorta? 

9. What would be the difference in the symptoms if the ob- 

struction were in the external iliac? 

10. What if in the femoral artery or its branches? 

11. How could a thrombus interfere with copulation? 

12. How can the existence of a posterior aortic thrombus be 

determined by manual examination? 

13. How differentiate between thrombus at the aortic quadrifi- 

cation, and abscess or tumor in that region? 

14. What is the prognosis of aortic thrombus? 

15. What treatment would be indicated? 

Displa-cement of the Biceps Femoris Muscle. — Pas;e 680. 
(Triceps Abductor Femoris of Strangeway.) 

1. Where is this muscle located? 

2. Where does it originate? 

3. What is its insertion? 

4. What is its relation to the trochanter major? 

5. What animals are most subject to displacement of it? 

6. On which side of the trochanter does it become fixed? 

7. What form of luxation of the patella does it resemble? 

8. How can they be differentiated? 

9. Is the condition ever momentary? 

10. What are the symptoms? 

11. What is the treatment? 

12. Where should the incision be made to divide the muscle? 



220 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

Hip Lameness. — Page 682. 

1. What does this term comprise? 

2. What structures are liable to be diseased? 

3. What kind of lameness is usually present? 

4. What is meant by shortening of the forward stride? 

5. If the lameness were swinging leg, what structures would be 

involved? 

fi. What ones if the lameness were mixed? 

7. What ones if the lameness were supporting leg? 

8. What kind of an examination would reduce the diagnosis of 

hip-lameness to a minimum? 

9. What is meant by diagnosis by exclusion? 

10. What is the etiological indication, when the lameness ap- 

pears suddenly? 

11. What is the prognosis in old cases? 

12. What in intermittent lameness? 

13. W^hat if the disease be articular? 

14. What is the treatment if the injury be recent? 

15. What is the treatment if of rheumatic origin? 

16. When would blistering be indicated? 

17. When would firing? 

18. What kind of firing would be suitable? 

19. When would setons be indicated? 

20. When and what kind of subcutaneous injections might be 

indicated? 

Disease of the Stifle Joint. —Page 687. 

1. What kind of an articulation is the' stifle joint? 

2. What ligaments are attached to the patella? 

3. What divides the femoro-tibial articulation into two parts? 

4. What tendinous sheath communicates with the external di- 

vision? 

5. How long is this sheath? 

6. What are the names and attachments of the binding liga- 

ments of this articulation? 

7. How are the synovial structures arranged? 



222 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

Luxa^tions a^nd Sprains of the Stifle Joint. — Page 687. 

1. What animals are subject to luxation of the femoro-tibial 

articulation? 

2. Are strains of this joint common? 

Luxation of the Patella.. — Page 688. 

1. What animals are most subject? 

2. What are the two most common forms of this displacement? 

3. In upward luxation, is the patella actually dislocated? 

4. In what position must the joint be when this occurs? 

5. In what position is the leg supposed to be at this time? 

6. Is it not possible for this to occur with all joints extended 

from the stifle down, and the foot forward? 

7. In what position would the stifle have to be to allow the 

upper margin of the patella to catch on the lower edge 
of the external lip? 

8. In the upward luxation with posterior extension, what form 

of lameness is present? 

9. What is momentary luxation of the patella? 

10. What are the symptoms? 

11. What part of the step is affected? 

12. What are the causes? 

13. Why does movement of all the joints of the leg, except the 

hip, depend upon flexion of the stifle? 

14. Why are all of the joints of the leg, from the stifle down, 

fixed when movement of the patella is arrested? 

15. What is straw cramp? 

IG. What is the pathological condition causing it after in- 
fluenza? 

17. What are the symptoms of fixed luxation of the patella? 

18. What conditions tend to relax and elongate ligaments? 

19. During fixed luxation, can the leg be passively flexed? 

20. What is vertical luxation? 

21. Upon what does the prognosis of upward luxation depend? 

22. What is the treatment? 

23. When would an anesthetic be indicated? 

24. What treatment is required after replacement? 

25. How much rest should the animal have? 

26. How would division of the internal lateral ligament affect 

upward luxation? 



224 



INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 
LdLteratl Luxation. — Page 691. 



1. In what animals is congenital lateral displacement seen? 

2. What constitutes incomplete, outward luxation? 

3. What are the predisposing causes of outward luxation? 

4. In what animals is the internal ligament less strong than 

the outer? 

5. What is the prognosis of lateral luxation? 

6. How does this resemble crural paralysis? 

7. What form of lameness does it produce? 

8. What is the difference in the position of all the joints of the 

leg, in outward and upward luxation? 

9. What effect does outward luxation have on the function of 

the crural muscles? 

10. Is the animal capable of walking or trotting in either par- 

tial or complete luxation? 

11. How may it be reduced? 

12. How can the leg be kept in outward forward extension? 

13. What joints of the hind leg are in a state of extension, when 

the foot is fully extended in the forward stride? 

14. How long should the foot be kept forward after reducing 

such luxation? 

15. What local application to the region would be indicated? 

Rupture of the Straight Ligaments of the Patella. — Page 693 

1. How may these ligaments be ruptured? 

2. What form of lameness would it cause? 

3. How can their rupture be detected? 

4. What is the prognosis? 

5. Of what should the treatment consist? 

6. How may this accident be differentiated from crural pa- 

ralysis? 

Fracture of the Pa.tella. — Page 694. 

1. In what animals has it been seen? 

2. What are the principal causes? 

3. If caused by muscular contraction, in what direction would 

the bone be fractured? 

4. What are the symptoms? 



226 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

5. How can it be distinguished from rupture of the straight 

ligaments? 
C. How from crural paralysis? 

7. How from hemoglobinuria? 

8. What principles must be followed in its treatment? 

9. What is the prognosis? 

Injuries and Acute Inflamrrvation of the Stifle Joint. 

Page 695. 

1. How may such injuries be inflicted? 

2. How do injuries to the ensheathed portion of the extensor 

pedis tendon affect the joint? 

3. How is this sheath liable to be injured? 

4. What are the symptoms? 

5. What is gonitis acuta serosa? 

6. Why does septic arthritis usually follow opening of the ex- 

tensor pedis sheath? 

7. What is the prognosis, if the bursa or sheath is open? 

8. What is the prognosis of acute, non-septic inflammation of 

the stifle-joint? 

9. How should it be treated? 

Chronic Inflammation of the Stifle Joint.— Page 696. 

1. What is gonitis chronica sicca? 

2. What kind of horses are most liable to be affected? 

3. Is this disease always unilateral? 

4. Which part of the femoro-tibial joint is most often affected? 

5. What are the post mortem apearances? 

6. In what position is the affected leg kept when standing? 

7. When bilateral, why do the legs appear too straight? 

8. What effect does this disease have upon the normal de- 

pression in front of the stifle? 

9. What is the prognosis? 

Bursitis PraepaLlellaris. — Page 698. 

1. Where is the bursa praepatellaris? 

2. What percentage of horses is said to have this bursa? 

3. How large may it become when injured? 

4. Does it produce lameness? 



228 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

5. How should it be treated? 
G. What is hydrops geni? 

Diseases of the Lower Thigh or Leg. — Page 699. 

1. What part of the tibia is most exposed to injury? 

2. What anatomical arrangement of this region makes wounds 

particularly dangerous? 

3. How is the tibia liable to be injured? 

4. What are the probable results of bruises of the perios- 

teum? 

5. What kind of lameness would it produce? 

6. How may it be diagnosed? 

7. What are the probable results of punctured wounds of the 

fascia? 

8. What is subfascial cellulitis? 

9. What is its signifcance? 

10. How may muscular hernia be produced in this region? 

11. Why are wounds of this region slow to heal? 

12. What are the symptoms? 

13. How should such wounds be treated? 

14. How should exuberant granulations be treated? 

15. How should fascia be divided, to insure good drainage? 

Fra.ct\ire of the Tibia.. — Page 700. 

1. Is this bone often fractured in the horse? 

2. What are the common causes? 

3. What is meant by fissured bone? 

4. Is facture of the tibia always manifest at the time of injury? 

5. What is green stick fracture? 

6. How are fractures of the tibia diagnosed? 

7. How is tissue of a bone recognized. 

8. How can fracture of the tibia be differentiated from rup- 

ture of the flexor metatarsi? 

9. How should fracture of the tibia be treated? 

10. When partial fracture of the tibia is suspected, how should 

the horse be handled to prevent the fracture becoming 
complete? 

11. What would be the symptoms of fracture of either mal- 

leoli? 



230 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

12. Upon what does the prognosis depend? 

13. How should dressing be applied to fractures of the tibia? 

R-upture of the Tibio-Fibular Interosseovis Ligament. 

Page 704. 

1. Is the fibula ever fractured? 

2. How could it be torn loose from the tibia? 

R^upture of the Flexor Metatarsi Muscle. — Page 704. 

1. Where does this muscle originate? 

2. Of how many parts does it consist? 

3. Where does each insert? 

4. What is the function of each? 

5. How may this muscle be ruptured? 

6. What are the symptoms of rupture of the tendinous por- 

tion? 

7. How would bruises of the muscular part affect the action of 

the limb? 

8. What are the symptoms of rupture of the muscular part? 

9. How does rupture of the muscular part differ in its symp- 

toms from paralysis of the muscle? 

10. How could rupture of this muscle be differentiated from 

fracture of the tibia? 

11. What is the prognosis of rupture of either part? 

12. How should each of these conditions be treated? 

Rupture of the Tendo Achtllis. — Page 708. 

1. What constitutes the tendon of Achilles? 

2. What is the action of the muscles, whose tendons form 

this structure? 

3. How does this accident compare in frequency with rupture 

of the flexor metatarsi? 

4. How is this tendon liable to be ruptured? 

5. What are the symptoms? 

6. What kind of lameness does it produce? 

7. How can it be differentiated from paralysis of the great 

sciatic nerve? 

8. What are the symptoms of rupture of the gastrocnemius 

muscle? 



232 



INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 



9. Why does flexion and descent of the tarsus when this ten- 
don is ruptured cause volar flexion of the phalanges? 

10. What are the symptoms of partial rupture or injury to the 

gastrocnemius? 

11. What is the prognosis? 

12. How would the prognosis differ if the skin and tendon were 

cut, from rupture of the tendon? 

13. How should a rupture or incised wound of the tendon be 

treated? 

Fra-cture of the Bones of the Hock. — Page 711. 

1. What bones form the hock? 

2. Which is a lever bone? 

3 Which assist in forming a ginglymus articulation? 

4. How are the lateral ligaments arranged? 

5. Where is the calcaneo-cuboid ligament, and what is its 

function? 

6. What is the origin and insertion of the tarso-metatarsal lig- 

ament and what is its function? 

7. Where is the oblique ligament, and what is its function? 

8. How are the capsular ligaments of the tarsus arranged? 

9. Where is the posterior annular ligament? 

10. How are the anterior annular ligaments arranged, and what 

pass beneath them? 

11. How are the synovial membranes arranged? 

12. What tendinous sheath lies posteriorly? 

13. What one lies externally? 

14. Over what bones are synovial bursae placed? 

15. What bones of the hock are most liable to fracture? 

16. W'hat are the symptoms of fracture of the os calcis 

17. How is this bone liable to be fractured 

18. What is the prognosis? 

19. What should be the general plan of treatment? 

20. What are the symptoms of fractures of other bones of the 

hock? 

21. What is the prognosis? 

22. What should be the method of treatment? 

Luxa.tion a.nd Stratin of the Hock. — Page 713. 

1. Is luxation of this joint probable? 

2. In what animals has it been seen? 



234 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

3. Are the binding ligaments ever ruptured? 

4. What are the symptoms of dislocation of the hock? 

5. Are strains of the hock of common occurrence? 

6. What are the symptoms? 

7. What is the prognosis? 

8. What is the treatment? 

9. When would blistering be indicated? 

10. What form of blister would be suitable? 

H. How should it be applied? 

12. When would firing be indicated? 

13. Under what circumstances would puncture firing be in- 

dicated? 

14. How much time should elapse after firing before a blister 

should be applied? 

Wounds and Acute Inflannmatiorv of the Hock. — I'age 714. 

1. How may incised or lacerated wounds be produced about 

the hock? 

2. How are punctured wounds of this region often made? 

3. Why are such wounds of the periarticular tissue particularly 

dangerous? 

4. How may intracapsular wounds be differentiated from 

subfascial ones? 

5. Why are subfascial wounds of the hock so liable to be- 

become septic? 

6. In what part of the hock are intracapsular wounds the 

most serious? 

7. Why are skin wounds in front of the hock so liable to pro- 

duce granuloma? 

8. What are the symptoms of subfascial cellulitis of the hock? 

9. What of open bursa? 

10. What conditions may act secondarily to open the joint? 

11. How should subfascial cellulitis of the hock be treated? 

12. What general line of treatment should be followed, if the 

capsular ligament has been punctured? 

13. How should incised and lacerated wounds of this region 

be treated? 

14. How should granuloma in front of the hock be treated? 

15. What is the prognosis in purulent subfascia cellulitis? 

16. How do septic processes of this region produce septic pneu- 

monia? 



236 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

17. Upon what does the prognosis depend, in open hock joint? 

18. How should periarticular abscesses be treated? 

19. Why is laminitis liable to develop in the opposite foot? 

Bog Spavin. — Page 717. 

1. What is bog-spavin? 

2. What are the attachments o'f the capsular ligament of the 

true hock joint? 

3. What parts of this ligament receive the least reinforce- 

ment from other structures? 

4. What is the cause of distention of this ligament? 

5. Where does the distention occur? 

fi. What are the diagnostic symptoms? 

7. How can it be differentiated from tendinous thorough pin? 

8. Does bog spavin cause lamness? 

9. When is distention of the capsular ligament dangerous to 

life? 

10. How should it be treated, if recent and painful? 

11. When acute inflammation has subsided and bog spavin 

still remains, how should it be treated? 

12. When chronic synovitis and distention only exist, hoW 

should be treated? 

13. What form of firing is indicated? 

14. What line of treatment should be followed in colts affected 

with hydrarthrosis? 

15. What precautions are necessary in evacuating the sac with 

trocar? 

16. Is evacuation often beneficial? 

17. How often should it be repeated? 

18. How and when may iodine be injected into the sac? 

19. What strength of sublimate solution may be injected? 

20. What is Horn's method of treating it? 

21. When is blistering indicated? 

22. When and what kind of firing is indicated? 

23. What is the prognosis? 

Bone Spa^vin. — Page 719. 

1. What is bone-spavin? 

2. What parts have been considered as its origin? 

3. How could chronic inflammation of a joint cause exosto- 

sis? 



238 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

4. What bones may be involved in spavin? 

5. Is bone spavin always accompanied by a visible exostosis? 

6. What are the pathological changes noted on page 720, (1), 

(2), (3), and (4) ?— Holler's Regional Surgery. 

7. Is the ciinean tendon and bursa ever involved? 

8. From the changes noted in the above mentioned articles, 

where would the point of origin appear to be? 

9. What is causa interna ? 

10. What are the internal causes of spavin? 

11. What form of hocks predispose to spavin? 

12. How does the screw-like direction of the trochlea of the 

astragalus predispose to it? 

13. If due to this arrangement of the astragalus, where would 

the lesion originate? 

14. How might undue pressure cause it? 

15. How might undue pressure be exerted on any one part of 

the joint? 

IG. If from undue pressure, where would the lesion originate? 

17. Is spavin due to acute injury, or to slight and oft repeated 

ones? 

18. Why is the tibio-tarsal joint rarely involved? 

19. When the foot is planted and the astragalus is rotated, 

what causes rotation of the parts below? 

20. Is spavin lameness a characteristic one? 

21. Can it be diagnosed without a visible exostosis? 

22. If an exostosis is visible, is it positive evidence that the 

lameness is due to spavin? 

23. When is this lameness the most pronounced? 

24. In what respect does it resemble stringhalt? 

25. How may it best be detected in the stable? 

26. If it be suspected, how can the lameness be developed? 

27. What is the spavin test? 

28. Why is lameness more marked when turning toward the 

sound, than the lame side? 

29. In what stage is the lameness maintained or even in- 

creased, during motion? 

30. In what aged animals is the spavin test liable to mislead? 

31. From what position can a spavin be seen the best? 

32. How will wetting the hair over the spavin seat assist in 

revealing the tumor? 



240 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

33. Is a difference in the size of the two hocks positive evi- 

dence of disease? 

34. Is an exostosis more liable to cause lameness when lo- 

cated well forward? 

35. Is superficial evidence of inflammation often present? 

36. What form of spavin does lameness cause? 

37. How may it be differentiated from stringhalt? 

38. How from hip lameness? 

39. How from chronic gonitis? 

40. How from disease of the perforans and its sheath? 

41. How from tendinitis below the hock? 

42. How from curb? 

43. How from foot lameness? 

44. What effect does spavin have on the wearing of the toe 

or shoe? 

45. What is its cause? 

46. Does the lameness ever disappear spontaneously? 

47. How does long rest affect it? 

48. How does severe exertion? 

49. How would the work the horse was expected to do, affect 

the prognosis? 

50. How would the location affect it? 

51. How would the conformation? 

52. How would the age of the patient? 

53. What does marked muscular atrophy indicate? 

54. What is the general prognosis? 

55. What is the principal object sought for in treating spavin? 

56. What attention should the foot receive? 

57. When is firing indicated? 

58. What kind is applicable? 

59. How does blistering succeed? 

60. What is the general objection to escharotics? 

Cvinean Tenotomy. — Page 733. 

1. Where is the cunean tendon? 

2. To what does it insert distally? 

3. What is its relation to the seat of bone spavin? 

4. Under what circumstances may it increase or prolong 

spavin lameness? 

5. Where should the incision be made, to divide this tendon? 

6. How should the field of operation be prepared? 



242 INTERROGATORY STTRGERY. 

7. How should the horse be controlled? 

8. What is the technique of the operation? 

9. What after-treatment should the wound receive? 

10. In what way does Moller think this operation benefits bone- 

spavin? 

11. What is anterior tibial neurectomy? 

12. For what purpose is it performed? 

13. Where is the incision made? 

14. What tissues are in relation to the nerve at this point? 

15. What muscular structure separates it from the anterior 

tibial artery? 

16. What superficial nerve is passed in dissecting for it? 

17. How should the animal be secured? 

18. What is the technique of the operation? 

19. What is posterior tibial neurectomy? 

20. For what purpose is it performed? 

21. What tissues are supplied by this nerve? 

22. How should the animal be secured? 

23. What are the relations of this nerve at the point of oper- 

ation? 

24. Where should the incision be made? 

25. What is the technique of the operation? 

26. What after-treatment is necessary? 

EnlaLrgements of the Outer Side of fhe Hock. — Page 741. 

1. What pathological conditions does the above include? 

2. What are the causes? 

3. What is the French term for enlargement of the outer side? 

4. Do these condtions ever cause lameness? 

5. What are the symptoms? 

6. What is the prognosis? 

7. When is treatment necessary? 

Curb. — Page 742. 

1. What is curb? 

2. What structures are involved? 

3. What are the causes? 

4. From what position can it be seen the best? 

5. What kind of hocks are predisposed to it? 

6. Which bone of the hock is a lever bone? 



244 INTERROGATORY SURGERY, 

7. What structure binds it to the metatarus? 

8. What are the symptoms? 

9. Does curb always cause lameness? 

10. What is the prognosis? 

11. How should curbs be treated during the acute inflammatory 

stage? 

12. When is blistering indicated? 

13. When is firing indicated? 

14. What kind of firing is suitable? 

15. How should the horse be shod? 

Ca^pped Hock. — Page 744. 

1. What is scapped hock? 

2. What bursae may it involve? 

3. What other structures may also be involved? 

4. What are the causes? 

5. What are the symptoms? 

6. How differentiate as to structures involved? 

7. When does it cause lameness? 

8. What is the prognosis? 

9. Does it ever produce purulent cellulitis? 

10. If so. what is the prognosis? 

11. How should same be treated? 

12. When should the bursa be opened? 

13. When is aspiration indicated? 

14. When is blistering indicated? 

15. What antiphlogistic treatment might be serviceable? 

16. When would firing be useful? 

17. What is false capped hock? 

Luxation of the Perforatus Tendon. — Page 748. 

1. How is this tendon attached to the summit of the cal- 
canium? 
How could this attachment be torn loose? 
What would be the result of loosening one side? 

4. What are the symptoms? 

5. What is the prognosis? 

6. How should it be treated? 



246 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

Stringhalt. — Page 749. 

1. What is stringhalt? 

2. What limbs does it usually affect? 

3. What kind of lameness does it cause? 

4. What is spavin stringhalt? 

5. What is false stringhalt? 

6. How does it differ from the true? 

7. How does Bassi classify it? 

8. How does Moller? 

9. What are the causes of idiopathic stringhalt? 

10. What of symptomatic? 

11. What is the usual course of the disease? 

12. What is the prognosis? 

13. What is peroneal tenotomy? 

14. What is the technique of the operation? 

15. Is it necessary to resect a piece of the tendon? 

16. How should the animal be secured? 

17. What is the prognosis? 

18. How should it be performed above the hock? 

19. Has division of the fascia given beneficial results? 

20. What operations have been performed for the relief of 

stringhalt? 

21. What have been the results? 

22. What operations have been performed on the nerves, for 

its relief? 

23. What have been the results? 

Diseases of the Tendons and Tendino Sheaths in the 
Ta-rsa.! and Metarsal R.egion. — Page 754. 

1. Where is the tarsal sheath of the perforans? 

2. What is its extent? 

3. What are the symptoms of distention of this sheath? 

4. What name is usually applied to it? 

5. How can it be differentiated from distention of the cap- 

sular ligament of the hock? 

6. How can it be distinguished from curb? 

7. What are the causes? 

8. What is the treatment? 
n. What is the prognosis? 

10. What are the causes of acute inflammation? 



248 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

11. What Is the prognosis in the latter form? 

12. When is blistering needed? 

13. When is firing indicated? 

14. What kind of shoe would be beneficial? 

15. What bursa of an extensor of the foot at the hock is liable 

to become distended? 

16. What is the appearance, if distended? 

17. Does it cause lameness? 

18. What is the prognosis? 

19. How should it be treated? 

20. How does distention of the sheaths in the metatarsal re- 

gion differ from the same condition in the metacarpal? 

Infectious Inflammation of the Lower Synovial Sheath 
of the Perforans. — Page 760. 

1. Is there any difference between diseases of these synovial 

sheaths and of those of the pectoral limb? 

2. Why is infectious synovitis more liable to occur in the 

pelvic than the pectoral limb? 

3. What are the common causes? 

4. What is the prognosis? 

5. How is it diagnosed? 

6. How should it be treated? 

Inj\iries Produced by Striking and Their Con\plicaf 

tions. — Page 763. 

1. What does striking or interfering include? 

2. Where is the injury usually inflicted on the pelvic limb? 

3. Where may it be inflicted on the pectoral? 

4. By which foot is it done? 

5. By what part of the foot may it be done? 

7. When do these injuries cause lameness? 

8. What is the nature of the lesion, when the supero-internal 

part of the metacarpus is struck? 

9. How should hygroma of this region be treated? 

10. What complications are liable to follow repeated bruises 

of this kind to the fetlock? 

11. What complications are liable to follow if the skin is 

broken? 

12. What is the chief danger from purulent cellulitis? 



250 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

13. What vessel is liable to become thrombosed from purulent 

cellulitis of the posterior fetlock region? 

14. What is the course, if the wound remains aseptic? 

15. What are the symptoms of subfascial cellulitis? 

in. Why does it take the abscess from twelve to fourteen days 
to break? 

17. What effect is this liable to have on the fascia? 

18. How should subfascial cellulitis be treated? 

19. What is the prognosis? 

Anatomy of ths Foot. — (Strangeway) Page 544. 

1. What constitutes the foot? 

2. What are its three divisions? 

3. To what tissues of the body do the two last belong? 

4. What part of the skin does the horn represent? 

5. Of what are the sensitive and non-sensitive tissues com- 

posed? 

6. What is the keratophyllous tissue? 

7. What is the ciitigeral groove? 

8. What is lodged in it? 

9. What is the function of the coronary substance? 

10. What forms the white line in the sole? 

11. What is the wall? 

12. Into what three parts is it divided? 

13. What are the bars? 

14. From what are they formed? 

15. What constitute the heels? 

16. What is the periople? 

17. What is the spread? 

18. What is the sole? 

19. What is the appearance of its uper surface? 

20. What are inserted in the numerous openings on this sur- 

face? 

21. From what is the horny sole secreted? 

22. What is the frog? 

23. What is its cleft? 

24. What occupies the small foramina on its upper surface? 

25. What is the frog stay? 

26. What are the commissures? 

27. What are the heels or bulbs of the frog? 

28. Where are the lateral cartilages located? 



252 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

29. What is their size and shape? 

30. What is their function? 

31. What is the keratogenoiis membrane? 

32. Why is it so called? 

33. What is the villous or papillated portion of this mem- 

brane called? 

34. What is the laminated portion called? 

35. Where is the villous or velvety tissue? 

36. How is the podophylloiis tissue related to the bone? 

37. How is it attached to the horny tissue? 

38. What secretes the periople? 

39. What the crust or horn? 

40. What the horny sole? 

41. What the horny frog? 

42. If the coronary band be destroyed, how may the horn be 
formed? 

43. What would be the effect of destruction of a considerable 

part of the sensitive sole? 

Arterial Supply of the Foot. 

1. From what are the posterior digital arteries derived? 

2. What is their course? 

3. What branches are given off by each? 

4. What are their relations? 

5. What is the termination of either? 

G. What is the source, course, and distribution of the perpen- 
dicular artery? 

7. What is the source, course, and distribution of the trans- 

verse? 

8. What does the artery of the frog supply? 

9. Where does the preplantar ungual artery originate? 

10. What is its course and distribution? 

11. What branches are given off by it? 

12. Where does the plantar ungual originate? 

13. What is its course and distribution? 

14. Where is the circulus arteriosus? 

15. What are the names and distribution of the ascending 

branches of the plantar circle? 

16. What are the names, number and distribution of the de- 

scending ones? 

17. Where is the circumflex artery? 



254 



INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 



18. What branches are given off by it? 

19. What structures do they supply? 

20. How do the solar arteries terminate? 

Venous Arrangement of the Foot. 

1. What effect does absence of valves in the veins of the 

foot have upon the circulation? 

2. Where is the superficial venous plexus? 

3. What are its divisions? 

4. What is remarkable about the solar plexus? 

5. From what source does it receive blood? 

6. Into what do these veins flow? 

7. What other veins flow into it? 

8. Into what does the circumflex empty? 

9. What other vein receives blood from the solar veins? 

10. Into what does this vein flow? 

11. Where is the laminal plexus located? 

12. From what source do the laminal veins receive blood? 

13. Into what do they flow? 

14. Where is the coronary plexus located? 

15. How is it divided? 

16. Where is the middle division located? 

17. From what does it receive blood? 

18. How are the lateral portions divided? 

19. Where is each located? 

20. How are the veins of the frog arranged? 

21. Into what do they flow? 

22. What is the course of the veins formed by those of the 

frog? 

23. W^hat vessels do they receive ? 

24. In what do all these veins terminate? 

25. What is the arrangement of the interosseous venous plexus 

of the foot? 

26. Into what do these veins flow? 

Nerve Supply of the Foot. 

1. What nerves of the hind leg reach to or below the fetlock? 

2. From what is each of these derived? 

3. What is the termination of each? 

4. What is the course and termination of the posterior digi- 

tal nerve? 



256 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

5. What is the course and termination of the middle branch? 

6. What is the course and termination of the anterior branch? 

7. What effect would their anastomosis have on the results 

of digital neurectomy? 

8. How does the nerve supply of the front feet differ from 

that of the hind ones? 

Diseases of the Foot. — Page 768. 

1. What is pododermatitis? 

2. What conditions does Moller include under the head of in- 

flammation of the podophyllous membrane? 

3. What are the causes? 

4. Why are such inflammations so extremely painful? 

5. Why is the tendency to necrosis so great? 

6. What physiological condition of the tissues tends to prevent 

it? 

7. What is the stratum mucosum of the podophyllous mem- 

brane? 

8. Does this tissue show any horn substance? 

9. What tissue is involved in pododermatitis superficialis? 

10. How is acute inflammation of this tissue brought about? 

11. If it is wounded by a nail or other sharp instrument, what 

term is applied to it? 

12. What term is used if the wound is at the white line between 

the wall and sole? 

13. What if it is at the angle of the heels? 

14. Under what circumstances may inflammation of this tissue 

be aseptic? 

15. What change in color of the horn tissue is sometimes no- 

ticed after aseptic inflammation? 

16. What is the cause of this change? 

17. Why does the suppurative process of the septic form not 

spread to the deeper tissues? 

18. In what direction does the pus spread? 

19. What is the physical appearance of the pus? 

20. What is the prognosis of the aseptic form? 

21. Under what conditions may this form spontaneously re 

cover? 

22. What are the common terminations of the aseptic form? 

23. How does the parenchymatous form differ from the super- 

ficial? 



258 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

24. How do the wounds that cause the former differ from those 

that cause the latter? 

25. What is the character of the pus in the parenchymatous 

form? 

26. What would offensive odor from the deep tissues indicate? 

27. How may the joints or navicular sheath be opened by sec- 

ondary process? 

28. What would a reddish or wine colored, bad smelling dis- 

charge indicate? 

29. What is the indication if synovia be discharged? 

30. What relation does the degree of lameness bear to the 

prognosis? 

31. How might an abscess above the perforans tendon and 

behind the navicular bone cause necrosis of the foot? 

32. How can the superficial form be differentiated from the 

parenchymatous? 

33. How may necrosis be caused by infection? 

34. What are the results of purulent cellulitis? 

35. What is the termination of purulent, sub-coronary cellu- 

litis? 

36. How may septic products enter the blood stream from the 

feet? 

37. AVhat are the causes of acute pododermatitis? 

38. What would be the effect of inflammation spreading to 

the periosteum? 

39. How are these conditions diagnosed? 

40. How should the foot be examined for injuries ? 

41. Upon paring a punctured spot in the sole, when is it evi- 

dent that infection has not taken place? 

42. How may the pulsations in the digital arteries be of ser- 

vice in diagnosis? 

43. What is the prognosis of the superficial form? 

44. How should it be treated? 

45. What principle must be adhered to. in the treatment of the 

parenchymatous form? 

46. What treatment is indicated if the navicular sheath is 

open but not infected? 

47. What are the symptoms of its infection? 

48. If suppuration is present, what treatment is indicated? 

49. What are the symptoms of abscess beneath the hollow of 

the heel? 



26o INTERROGx\TORY SURGERY. 

50. Why is early opening necessary? 

51. How should it be opened? 

52. What after treatment is necessary? 

53. How should it be dressed? 

54. What is the cause of the soft tissues filling up an open- 

ing in the horn tissue? 

55. How should such conditions be treated? 

56. When are foot baths indicated? 

Pricks in Shoeing. — Page 776. 

1. How may the sensitive structures be injured by nails in 

shoeing? 

2. How may a bent nail injure the tissues? 

3. Are such injuries always noticed at the time they are 

inflicted? 

4. How may a split nail injure the parts? 

5. What are the symptoms of pricking? 

6. How should such cases be treated? 

7. What may be determined by inspecting each nail as it is 

extracted? 

8. Upon what does the prognosis depend? 

Puncture of the Foot. Perxilent Cellulitis of the Fibre 
—Fatty Frog.— Page 778. 

1. What is the plantar cushion? 

2. In what part of the sole or frog are nail pricks most dan- 

gerous? 

3. Upon what does the suppurative process depend? 

4. How should such wounds be treated when first inflicted? 

5. What tissues are liable to be injured? 

6. Why is purulent cellulitis of the plantar cushion particu- 

larly dangerous? 

7. How may the plantar aponeurosis become involved? 

8. How do such injuries correspond in their pathology and 

treatment with those mentioned by Moller under acute 
pododermatitis? 

9. In the treatment of such wounds, when is a poultice indi- 

cated? 
10. After paring out the horn to drain a wound how can it 
be protected from dirt? 



262 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

11. How may packings be retained in the bottom of the shod 

foot? 

12. Why is decomposition of wound discharge dangerous? 

13. When is a dry dressing indicated? 

14. When may a wound of the sole or frog be safely covered 

with tar, oakum and a leather pad? 

15. When is curetting indicated? 

16. When is zinc chloride indicated in such wounds? 

17. What course must be followed when the perforans tendon 

becomes necrotic? 

Resection of the Plantar Aponeurosis. — Page 781. 

1. When is this operation indicated? 

2. What preparation of the subject is necessary on the pre- 

vious day? 

3. How should the animal be secured? 

4. How may local anesthesia be secured for foot operations? 

0. How should hemorrhage be controlled? 

6. What instruments are necessary for this operation? 

7. What is the technique of the operation? 

8. What complications are liable to occur in partial resection? 

9. How much of the frog and sole should be removed, if com- 

plete resection is desired? 

10. Where should the fibro-fatty cushion be divided trans- 

versely? 

11. How is the resected portion removed? 

12. How should the wound be dressed to prevent hemorrhage? 

13. When should this dressing be removed? 

14. What is the after treatment? 

15. If the posterior part of the fibro-fatty frog or the na- 

vicular sheath be involved, what further operative pro- 
cedure is Indicated? 

16. If bone necrosis is present how should it be treated? 

17. In what class of horses is the prognosis most favorable? 

18. How much time is required for convalescence? 

Treads and Injuries to the Coronet. — Page 783. 

1. What is understood by calk wounds? 

2. Where are they usually inflicted? 

3. How is the coronary region liable to be injured? 



264 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

3. What kind of injuries to this region are liable to cause 
ring-bone? 

5. What are the chief dangers from calk wounds to the coro- 

net? 

6. If they penetrate behind the hoof, what surgical procedure 

is necessary? 

7. If purulent cellulitis has developed what treatment is in- 

dicated? 

8. If cellulitis has not reached the purulent stage, how should 

it be treated? 

9. How may such wounds affect the coronet joint? 

10. How may the extensor pedis tendon be involved? 

11. Upon what does the prognosis depend? 

12. What treatment is indicated if distortion of the horn occurs? 

Inflammation of the Subcoronary Connective Tissue, 

Page 787. 

1. How is this tissue related to the fibro-fatty frog? 

2. What venous plexus does it contain? 

3. How is this disease liable to affect the pedal-joint? 

4. What are the common causes? 

5. What part of the coronet is usually involved? 

6. What is the prognosis? 

7. When are antiseptic baths of service. 

8. How may the lateral cartilage become involved? 

Corns. — Page ygo. 

1. What constitute corns in horses' feet? 

2. Where are they located? 

3. What causes the red streaks in the horn at this region? 

4. How may these parts be bruised by the shoe? 

5. How by the quarter? 

6. Does inflammation in this region ever develop without in- 

fection? 

7. If infection takes place, what is the result? 

8. Under what circumstances would necrosis be liable to occur? 

9. Where would the necrotic tissue be located? 

10. Under what circumstances is the fibro-fatty frog liable to 
become involved? 



266 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

11. If this extension takes place, what condition is liable to 

follow? 

12. What is the result of the infection extending to the peri- 

chondrium? 

13. What condition may cause a yellow staining of this region? 

14. Why are the heels more liable to be bruised than other 

parts of the foot? 

15. Which heel is most predisposed? 

16. In which feet are they most common? 

17. What form of foot is most subject? 

18. What three conditions in shoeing are liable to produce 

corns? 

19. What kind of shoes protects this region from bruise? 

20. How are corns diagnosed? 

21. What form of lameness do they produce? 

22. How do they affect the pulsations of the digital arteries? 

23. How may pododermatitis from corns be distinguished from 

that caused by injuries to other parts of the foot? 

24. What treatment is indicated if infection has not taken place? 

25. What if superficial pododermatitis is present? 

26. What if pododermatitis parenchymatosa has developed? 

27. What if necrosis is present? 

28. What is the prognosis in each of these forms? 

Qviittor. — Page 793. 

1. What is meant by the term quittor in veterinary practice? 

2. What tissues are liable to be involved? 

3. What terms are used to indicate the particular tissues in- 

volved? 

4. What is the perichondrium of the lateral cartilages? 

5. To what other structures is the perichondrium in close re- 

lation? 

6. How are abscesses of the perichondrium liable to affect the 

cartilage? 

7. Is direct injury to the cartilage a common cause of quittor? 

8. How may corns cause it? 

9. How may a quarter crack lead to quittor? 

10. What is the physical appearance of necrotic cartilage? 

11. Why is the prognosis of necrotic cartilage or ligament so 

unfavorable? 

12. Are these conditions acute or chronic? 



268 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

13. Under what circumstances does spontaneous recovery 

occur? 

14. Which cartilage is most often involved? 

15. Which end is usually attacked first? 

10. What ligaments in this region are liable to become necrotic 
from the same cause? 

17. Hovi^ may the pedal-joint be opened during the course of 

quittor? 

18. How may nail pricks cause quittor? 

19. What are the isymptoms? 

20. Is the location of the abscess outside of the cartilage as- 

surance that the cartilage is not necrosed? 

21. What condition of the hoof indicates the duration of the 

disease? 

22. What are the indications, if the lameness is severe? 

23. What is the prognosis of quittor? 

24. Of what does the prophylactic treatment consist? 

25. How should acute inflammation of this region be treated? 

26. What steps must be taken, if abscess has already formed? 

27. If necrosis has occurred but not yet penetrated the cartilage, 

what treatment is indicated? 

28. When are mildly caustic injections indicated? 

29. What agents may be used for this purpose? 

30. What can be profitably used to remove the pus before such 

injections are made? 

31. How often should such caustics be injected? 

32. How should drainage be secured, if sinus extends below the 

top of the hoof? 

33. Why should the coronary band not be divided? 

34. How may drainage be maintained? 

35. How and when may the cautery be used in the treatment of 

quittor? 

36. What is Ligniere's treatment? 

37. How is curetting beneficial? 

38. When is radical operation necessary? 
^9. Of what does it consist? 

40. How should the field be prepared? 

41. How secure the animal? 

42. How control the hemorrhage? 

43. What instruments are necessary? 

44. How should the hoof be removed? 



270 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

45. Where should the incision through the horn be made? 

46. How should the superposed tissues be separated from the 

cartilage? 

47. How should the cartilage be separated from the bone and 

underlying tissues? 

48. How should it be removed? 

49. How should the wound be dressed? 

50. When should it be redressed? 

51. What is the after treatment? 

52. What is the prognosis? 

53 How much time is required for convalescence? 
54. What is Bayer's method? 

Laminitis. — Page 805. 

1. What kind of foot is predisposed to it? 

2. How does this disease differ from acute pododermatitis? 

3. What tissues are involved? 

4. In what parts of the foot is it most severe? 

5. What animals are subject to it? 

6. Why is it so extremely painful? 

7. What is its common name? 

8. Which feet are most often affected? 

Etiology of L«dLmir\itis. — Page 806. 

1. What kind of feet are predisposed? 

2. What are the dietetic, predisposing causes? 

3. How may driving on hard roads be an exciting cause? 

4. How does drinking, when hot, cause it? 

5. How may standing too long on the feet produce it? 

6. Why do long voyages sometimes cause it? 

7. How does a chill tend to produce it? 

8. Why are heavy, rich grains liable to cause it? 

9. How do new grains and hay produce it? 

ID. Why are sudden changes in diet likely to cause it? 

11. Why is it often seen after attacks of influenza and other 

debilitating diseases? 

12. Is it common in connection with parturition? 



272 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

Symptoms of LaLininitis. — Page 807. 

1. What conditions are usually forerunners of laminitis? 

2. What are the primary symptoms? 

3. How does it affect the body temperature? 

4. What is the character of the pulse? 

5. How are the digital arteries affected? 

6. How is the cellular tissue of the pedal region affected? 

7. How does it affect the muscular system? 

8. If confined to the front feet, what position does the animal 

assume in standing? 

9. What are the actions, if made to move? 

10. How are the loins apparently affected? 

11. Why are the front feet kept forward of a perpendicular line? 

12. Why are the hind ones placed under the center of the body? 

13. How are these positions and actions modified if all four feet 

are involved? 

14. How are these positions and actions modified when the 

the disease is confined to the hind feet? 

15. What symptoms of laminitis assimilate those of nephritis? 

16. For what reason might it be mistaken for spinal meningitis? 

17. Upon what does the prognosis depend? 

Termination of Laminitis. — Page 674. (Liautard.) 

1. In what ways may it terminate? 

2. What is the course if it terminates in resolution? 

3. How long after the attack can such termination be ex- 

pected? 

4. What is the course, if it terminates in effusion or hemor- 

rhage? 

5. How is the podophyllous tissue separated from the kerato- 

phyllous? 
G. When these tissues are separated, what tends to rotate the 
OS pedis on its transverse axis? 

7. If such rotation occurs, what effect does it have on the toe? 

8. What on the sole? 

9. How would it affect the animal's gait after soreness had 

disappeared? 

10. What fills the space between the toe of the os pedis and 

wall after inflammation has subsided? 



274 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

11. How does this afreet the toe of the hoof? 

12. What effect does it have upon the anterior part of the wall? 

13. What are the symptoms if hemorrhage occurs? 

14. How may this condition terminate and leave the animal 

useful? 

15. What are the symptoms of such termination? 

16. What is the prognosis? 

17. What is the cause of suppuration? 

18. What is the course when it terminates by suppuration? 

19. What are the symptoms? 

20. What is the prognosis? 

21 Is this termination common? 

22. What is the cause of its terminating in gangrene? 

23. What are the symptoms? 

24. What is the prognosis? 

Trea.tment of Laminitis. Page I'^oy, 

1. AVhat prophylactic measures should be observed? 

2. When is bleeding indicated? 

3. From what vessel should blood be extracted? 

4. What quantity should be taken? 

5. What vessels of the foot and leg might be opened? 
t;. How would ligation of the digital arteries affect it? 

7. When are hot foot baths indicated? 

8. When cold ones? 

y. When would cold packs serve better than cold baths? 

10. What is to be gained by laying the animal down, if it per- 

sistently stands? 

11. How long should cold applications be continued? 

12. When is blistering of the coronary region indicated? 

13. How may cold packs be prepared? 

14. When is a physic indicated? 

15. When are febrifuges and sedatives indicated? 

16. What agents of each class should have the preference? 

17. How is a rocker shoe serviceable? 

18. When should the patient be exercised? 

19. What is the prognosis? 



270 



9. 
10. 

n. 

12. 
13. 
14. 
15. 

10. 

17. 
18. 



INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 
Chronic La.minitis. — Page 8ii. 

What are the causes of this form? 

Under what conditions does it originate from the acute? 

Is it ever associated with descent of the sole? 

In exudative laminitis with organization, how are the sen- 
sitive structures affected? 

What are the symptoms? 

How is the circulation affected? 

In traveling, what part of the foot is brought to the ground 
first? 

What part of the shoe is most worn? 

How would a bar shoe affect it? 

How can it be differentiated from navicular disease? 

What is the prognosis? 

What is the treatment? 

When is neurectomy indicated? 

Which of the neurectomies is best suited? 

When is blistering indicated? 

When are foot baths indicated in the chronic form? 

How does the rheumatic form differ from the above? 

How can it be differentiated from muscular rheumatism? 



Kera.toma. — Page 8ii. 

1. What is the nature of this affection? 

2. What are the causes? 

3. How do these horny tumors cause lameness? 

4. Where do they form? 

5. What are the common causes when they originate near the 

coronet? 

G. What is liable to cause their development when they origi- 
nate in the sensitive lamina? 

7. What form of inflammation causes such growths? 

8. At what point may they show externally? 

9. When can they be diagnos6d ante mortem? 

10. How might percussion be of service? 

11. Upon what does the prognosis depend? 

12. When is treatment indicated? 

13. How should these tumors be removed? 

14. Do they ever affect the sole? 



278 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

Canker of the Sole and Frog. — Page 815. 

1. What is canker? 

2. What is the nature of canker of the foot? 

3. What tissues are involved? 

4. How are the papillae affected? 

5. How are the cellular elements of the rete affected? 

6. What effect does this have upon horn production? 

7. If horn is not produced, what becomes of the epithelium? 

8. How does this condition compare with grease? 

9. Of what does it really consist? 

10. Is either of these conditions liable to cause the other? 

11. What are the symptoms? 

12. At what point does it usually commence? 

13. What is its appearance at this time? 

14. How do the papillae appear at this stage? 

15. Does it then cause lameness? 

16. How does it differ in this respect from acute, inflammatory 

diseases? 

17. In what tissue does it spread? 

18. How far may it extend? 

19. What are the causes? 

20. Upon what does the prognosis depend? 

21. How does the nature of the growth affect the prognosis? 

22. How does the area involved affect it? 

23. Is treatment tedious? 

24. Along what general lines must it be directed? 

25. What are the best agents for destroying the excessive 

growths? 

26. When would cautery be indicated? 

27. Why is it necessary to remove all of the loose horn? 

28. Should the horn be removed over any of the sound tissue? 

29. How should the animal be. controlled? 

30. How should nitrate of lead be used? 

31. When would formalin be indicated? 

32. How should it be used? 

33. What is the effect of pressure upon such conditions? 

34. How may it be applied? 

35. How often should the dressings be renewed? 

36. When can the disease be said to be cured? 

37. What is Iminger's treatment? 



28o INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

Dise&ses of the CIslws in Cattle a.ivd Sheep.— Page 820. 

1. Vv'hy are the soles of cattle's feet more easily bruised than 

those of the horse? 

2. What feature of the divided hoof renders it particularly sus- 

ceptible to injuries from dirt? 

3. What are the symptoms of inflammation of the claws and 

interdigital spaces? 

4. What symptom of this diseases may lead to the belief that 

the loins are affected? 

5. How may the animal be secured to examine the foot? 

6. What condition of the foot would denote inflammation? 

7. What condition of the interdigital space would denote 

disease? 

8. How may traveling in stiff mud cause disease of this kind? 

9. What is the cause of purulent, subcoronary inflammation in 

bovines? 

10. What are the common causes of inflammation in these 

tissues? 

11. How should it be treated? 

12. How does ergotism affect this region? 

13. How should it be treated? 

14. When are caustics indicated in inflammations of the digits? 

Bruises of the Sensitive Sole a-nd Bulbs. — Page 823. 

1. How do such injuries to the feet of artiodactyla differ from 

similar lesions to the perissodactyla? 

2. How would the treatment differ from that applicable to the 

horse? 

3. How do pricks in shoeing in cattle differ from same lesion 

in the horse? 

Laminitis in Cattle. — Page 826. 

1. Is this condition common in cattle? 

2. What are the causes? 

3. Are they subject to both acute and chronic forms? 

4. What are the symptoms? 

5. What is the prognosis? 

6. What is the treatment? 

7. In serious lesions to these animals, how can the financial 

loss be modified? 



282 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

Whitlow or Joint Felon. — Page 826. 

1. Of what does this consist? 

2. How does it differ from purulent inflammation of the sub- 

coronary, connective tissue in the horse? 

3. What are the causes? 

4. What are the symptoms? 

5. What is the course? 

6. How does it compare with the septic condition often seen 

in horses' feet? 

7. How should it be treated? 

AbnormaLlities of the Horny Claw. — Page 831. 

1. Of what do these consist? 

2. What are the causes? 

3. What is the effect? 

4. What is the treatment? 

Amputation of the Claws in Cattle. — Page 831. 

1. What conditions render this operation necessary? 

2. How should the animal be secured? 

?,. How should the hemorrhage be controlled? 

4. What portions of the hoof should be removed? 

5. What is the technique of the operation? 

6. How should future hemorrhage be prevented? 

7. What steps are necessary to insure a covering for the re- 

maining bone? 

8. How should the parts be dressed? 

9. Why are such operations serviceable in cattle, but not in 

horses? 

Foot R^ot in Sheep. — Page 835. 

1. How does the disease referred to by Moller under this head 

differ from infectious foot rot in sheep? 

2. How from panaritiurt. of cattle? 

3. What are the symptoms? 

4. What tissues are first involved? 

5. How does it affect the deeper tissues? 



284 INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

6. What effect does it have upon the horn? 

7. How are the ligaments and bones affected? 

8. "What is the prognosis? 

9. How should it be treated? 

Diseases of the Cla^vs in Carnivora.. — Page 836. 

1. What are dew claws? 

2. In what way do they become troublesome? 

3. How should they be treated? 

4. What treatment is required when a claw is torn off at the 

matrix? 

5. What is the technique of removing the entire phalanx of 

carnivora? 
6 How should the claws of birds be treated when overgrown? 



INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

INDEX 



Abnormalities of the horny claw 282 

Abscesses of the subparotid lymph glands 32 

Acute inflammation of the udder 132 

Actinomycosis of the maxillae 38 

Actinomycosis of the parotideal region 34 

Actinomycosis of the tongue 14 

Actinomycosis of the udder 140 

Alveolar periostitis in dogs 22 

Amputation of the claws in cattle 282 

Amputation of the penis 118 

Amputation of the uterus 130 

Anal and recto- vaginal fistula 102 

Anatomy of the foot 250 

Arterial supply of the foot 252 

Bleeding from the nose . 30 

Bog spavin 236 

Bone spavin 236 

Bowel fistula 78 

Bruises of the sensitive sole and bulbs 280 

Bursitis prepatellaris 226 

Canker of the sole and frog 278 

Capped elbow in the horse 158 

Capped hock 244 

Castration of cryptorchids 120 

Catarrhal mastitis 134 

Catarrh of the guttural pouch 42 

Chronic catarrhal mammitis 140 

Chronic inflammation of the knee joint 160 

Chronic inflammation of the stifle joint 226 

Chronic laminitis 276 

Commotio cerebri 44 

Concussion of the brain 44 

Congenital malformations of the rectum and anus. . ., 98 

Corns 264 

Costal sinus 68 

Cracked heels 206 

Crural hernia 88 



INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

Cunean tenotomy 240 

Curb 242 

Curvature of the spine 144 

Deformity of the trachea 62 

Dental fistula 22 

Dermatitis chronica verrucosa 210 

Dermatitis gangrenosa 208 

Dermatitis in the fetlock region 20G 

Differential diagnosis and treatment of navicular disease. .. .204 

Digital neurectomy 194 

Dilatation of the esophagus 56 

Dilatation of the rectum and anus 102 

Diseases of the alveoli 18 

Diseases of the claws in carnivora 284 

Diseases of the claws in cattle and sheep 280 

Diseases of the ear and guttural pouch 38 

Diseases of the elbow and forearm 1 5G 

Diseases of the face and lower jaw 3G 

Diseases of the facial sinuses 26 

Diseases of the female organs of generation 126 

Diseases of the foot 256 

Diseases of the knee 162 

Diseases of the larynx and tracTiea 58 

Diseases of the lips and cheeks 10 

Diseases of the lower thigh or leg 228 

Diseases of the male organs of generation 114 

Diseases of the mammary gland 130 

Diseases of the metacarpus 170 

Diseases of the neck 46 

Diseases of the nose and nostrils 24 

Diseases of the phalanges 184 

Diseases of the prostate 120 

Diseases of the salivary glands 30 

Diseases of the scrotum 120 

Diseases of the shoulder joint 152 

Diseases of the skull 42 

Diseases of the spinal column and pelvis 142 

Diseases of the stifle joint 220 

Diseases of the tail 148 

Diseases of the tendons and tendinous sheaths in the tarsal 
and metatarsal region 246 



INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

Diseases of the testicle 120 

Diseases of the thorax 66 

Diseases of the tongue 12 

Diseases of the tooth proper 18 

Diseases of the turbinated bones 30 

Diseases of the urinary organs 104 

Dislocation of the lower jaw 36 

Displacement of the biceps femoris muscle 218 

Distortion of the neck 48 

Edema of the head . 26 

Enlargement of articular and tendinous synovial cavities in 

the fore limb : 168 

Enlargement of the outer side of the hock 242 

Epistaxis 30 

Esophagotomy 54 

Eversion of the vagina 126 

Eversion of the uterus 128 

False Inguinal hernia . 86 

Foot rot in sheep 282 

Foreign bodies and tumors in the nostrils 24 

Foreign bodies in the digestive tract 90 

Foreign bodies in the mouth. • 12 

Foreign bodies in the pharynx and esophagus 54 

Foreign bodies in the pharynx and esophagus of carnivora.. 54 

Foreign bodies in the trachea 62 

Fracture of the bones of the hock 232 

Fracture of the bones of the knee 164 

Fracture of the cervical vertebrae 48 

Fracture of the frontal bones 44 

Fracture of the femur 212 

Fracture of the humerus 150 

Fracture of the metacarpus 170 

Fracture of the navicular bone 200 

Fracture of the patella 224 

Fracture of the pelvis 144 

Fracture of the phalanges , 188 

Fracture of the premaxillary 14 

Fracture of the radius 156 

Fracture of the ribs 66 

Fracture of the sacral and caudal vertebras 144 



INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

Fracture of the scapula 150 

Fracture of the sesamoid bones 198 

Fracture of the tibia 228 

Fracture of the trachea G2 

Goitre 48 

Grease 206 

Hernia 78 

Hernia, crural 88 

Hernia, false inguinal 86 

Hernia, inguinal in dogs 86 

Hernia, inguinal of the horse 82 

Hernia, inguinal in ruminants 86 

Hernia, inguinal in swine 86 

Hernia, perineal 88 

Hernia, treatment of inguinal and scrotal 84 

Hernia, umbilical 80 

Hernia, ventral 88 

Hematocele 124 

Hip lameness 220 

Hydrocele 124 

Impaction of the crop in birds 56 

Infectious inflammation of the lower synovial sheath of the 

perforans 248 

Inflammation of the articulation of the jaw 36 

Inflammation of the biceps bursa 152 

Inflammation of the bursa of the flexor pedis 168 

Inflammation of the bursa of the ligamentum nuche 50 

Inflammation of the elbow joint 158 

Inflammation of the flexor tendons 174 

Inflammation and new growths in the submaxillary lymph 

glands 38 

Inflammation of the hip joint 214 

Inflammation of the lips and cheeks 10 

Inflammation of the mucous membrane of the rectum and 

anus 98 

Inflammation of the posterior lagaments of the coronet joint. 196 

Inflammation of the prepuce in carnivora 116 

Inflammation of the prepuce in oxen , 114 



INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

Inflammation of the spermatic cord 124 

Inflammation of the subcoronary connective tissue 264 

Inflammation of the surrounding rectal connective tissue... 100 

Inflammation of the tendon and bursa of the gluteus maximus 

muscle 214 

Inflammation of the tendon and bursa of the postea spinatus 

muscle 154 

Inflammation of the testicle and epididymis 122 

Inflammation of the urinary bladder 112 

Inflammation of the urethra 108 

Inguinal and scotal hernia 82 

Inguinal hernia in dogs 86 

Inguinal hernia in ruminants 86 

Inguinal hernia in swine 86 

Injuries and acute inflammation of the stifle joint 226 

Injuries to the anterior surface of the knee 164 

Injuries to the interdental space 14 

Injuries to the muscles and fasciae of the quarter 212 

Injuries to the rectum and anal region 98 

Injuries to the penis 116 

Injuries to the urethra 108 

Interfering and striking 248 

Intussusception or invagination of the bowel 94 

Jugular phlebitis 52 

Keratoma 276 

Knuckling over in foals 180 

Lactic calculi 132 

Laminitis 270 

Laminitis, etiology of 270 

Laminitis in cattle 280 

Laminitis, symptoms of 272 

Laminitis, terminations of 272 

Laminitis, treatment of 274 

Laryngo-f issure 64 

Laryngotomy 64 

Lateral luxation of the patella 224 

Luxation and sprains of the stifle joint 222 

Luxation of the elbow joint 158 

Luxation of the femur .: 214 



INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

Luxation and strains of the hock 232 

Luxation of the patella 222 

Luxation of the perforatus tendon ". 244 

Luxation of the phalanges 186 

Luxation of the sacro-iliaco articulation 146 

Mastitis, catarrhal 134 

Mastitis, chronic catarrhal 140 

Mastitis, gangrenosa 138 

Mastitis, phlegmonous 134 

Mastitis, purulentia 136 

Median neurectomy 194 

Mud fever 206 

Navicular disease 200 

Necrosis of the lumbo-dorsal fascia 148 

Neoplasms of the gums and alveoli 24 

Nerve supply of the foot 254 

Nervous diseases of the larynx 60 

New growths in the submaxillary lymph glands 38 

Operations on the cranial cavity ,44 

Ossification of the lateral cartilage 200 

Otitis externa 40 

Otorrhea 40 

Paracentesis abdominis 78 

Paracentesis thoracis 74 

Paralysis of the brachial plexus 156 

Paralysis of the hind limb 216 

Paralysis of the muscles of mastication 36 

Paralysis of the muscles of the penis 116 

Paralysis of the pharynx and esophagus 56 

Paralysis of the radial nerve 154 

Paralysis of the rectum and anus 102 

Paralysis of the urinary bladder 110 

Paraphimosis ,,,.... • • , • • • • • 11^> 

Parasites in the trachea 62 

Perineal hernia 88 

Pervious urachus 1^4 

Phimosis 116 



INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

Plantar neurectomy 192 

Pricks in shoeing 260 

Prolapse and eversion of the bladder 112 

Prolapse of the rectum and anus 100 

Prolapse of the vagina 126 

Puncture of the bowel in horses 92 

Puncture of the bladder 108 

Puncture of the foot 260 

Puncture of the rumen 94 

Purulent cellulitis of the fibro-fatty frog 260 

Purulent mastitis 136 

Quittor • 266 

Removing teeth 20 

Resection of the plantar aponeurosis 262 

Ring-bone 190 

Rumenotomy 94 

Rupture of the flexor metatarsi muscle 230 

Rupture of the flexor tendons 172 

Rupture of the straight: ligaments of the patella 224 

Rupture of the suspensory ligament 172 

Rupture of the tendo Achillis 230 

Rupture of the tibio-fibular interosseous ligament 230 

Saddle and collar galls 72 

Salivary calculi 32 

Salivary fistula 34 

Sesamoid lameness 198 

Shoulder abscesses 72 

Shoulder lameness 156 

Splints 182 

Sprain of the coronary joint 186 

Stenosis and closure of the mammary duct 140 

Stenosis and compression of the esophagus 56 

Stenosis of the rectum and anus 102 

Stenosis of the trachea 62 

Stenosis of the urethra. . 108 

Sternal sinus 68 

Stringhalt 246 

Struma 48 

Surgical diseases of the abdomen 76 



INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

Surgical diseases of the posterior portion of the rectum and 
anus 96 

Surgical diseases of the stomach and bowels 90 

Tapping the thoracic cavity 74 

Teeth, diseases of the 14 

Teeth, irregularities of the 14 

Teeth, irregularities of wear IG 

Thrombosis of the posterior aorta 218 

Torticollis - 48 

Tracheotomy G4 

Treads and injuries to the coronet 262 

Treatment of inguinal and scrotal hernia 84 

Trephining the maxillary and frontal sinuses 28 

Tuberculosis of the udder 140 

Tumors in the urethra and bladder 114 

Tumors of the lips and cheeks 10 

Treatment of the knee in cattle 1 66 

Tumors in the pharynx and esophagus 58 

Tumors in the rectum and anus 102 

Tumors of the salivary glands 34 

Tumors of the sheath and penis 118 

Tumors of the testicle 124 

Tumors of the trachea 62 

Tumors of the udder 142 

Tumors of the vagina and uterus 130 

Twist or rotation of the colon 96 

Ulnar neurectomy 196 

Umbilical hernia 80 

Urethral calculi in ruminants 106 

Urinary calculi 104 

Urinary calculi in the dog 106 

Urinary calculi in the horse 104 

Varicocele 1^24 

Venous arrangement of the foot 254 

Ventral hernia 88 

Whitlow or joint felon 282 

Wounds and acute inflammation of the hock 234 



INTERROGATORY SURGERY. 

Wounds and bruises of the fore arm 162 

Wounds and bruises of the metacarpus 172 

Wounds and bruises of the soft parts of the chest wall 68 

Wounds and bruises of the udder 132 

Wounds of the abdomen 76 

Wounds of the pleura. 76 



ERRATA 

Page 30 — Diseases of the Salivary Glands. 

Page 68— Wounds and Bruises of the Soft Parts of the Chest Wall 

Wounds without Perforations. 
Page 212 — Injuries to the Muscles and Fascia of the Quarter. 
Page 246 — Diseases of the Tendons and Tendinous Sheaths in the 

Tarsal and Metatarsal Region. 



OCT 17 1904 



